THE 



FOUNDERS OF MARYLAND 



THE 



FOUNDERS OF MARYLAND 



AS PORTRAYED IN 



MAITUSCRIPTS, PROVmcIAL RECORDS AKD 
EARLY DOCTJMEN'TS, 



Bv .>>^ 



REV. EDWARD D. NEILL, A. B., 

Author of "English Colonization of AMERigA," "Virginia Cojipant of 

London." " Terra Marle," " Fairfaxes of England and AmerTca!" 

"History of Minnesota^' etc. 

"Nec falsa dicere, nee vera reticere." 




ALBANY: 
JOEL MUNSELL, 

1876. 



\ r H: 





PEEFACE. 



Every year, the citizens of ancient Padua crowd 
the costly church, dedicated to their townsman, 
the Italian Saint Anthony, and hang upon its 
walls, or around the shrine, sketches in oil, or 
water colors, commemorative of important events 
in their lives. 

One of the many good results of the centennial 
year of the American Republic, is the taking down 
from the garrets, the neglected portraits of our 
forefathers, the removal of the stains and dust, 
the substitution of new frames, for those battered 
and worm eaten, and in remembering their labors 
for posterity. 

With the aid of manuscripts, brought to light 
during the last decade, and access to the papers of 
the British Record Office, we can now portray 
more accurately, and hang in a better light, the 
Founders of Maryland. 

The object of this little book, is to state facts, 
which had become obscured or forgotten, concern- 



6 Preface. 

ing the first European settlers on the shores of the 
Potomac River, and Chesapeake Bay. 

Bearing in mind, the sentiment of Hieronymus 
in a letter to Epiphanius : " Malem aliena vere- 
cunde dicere, quam jura imprudenter ingerere," 
I have recorded facts, gleaned from the manuscript 
Provincial Records at the capital of Maryland, and 
other documents of the Provincial period, rather 
than obtruded my own opinions. 

Edward D. Neill. 
Macalester College, 

near Falls of Saint Anthony, 

Minnesota. 



CONTENTS. 



Henry Fleet, Early Indian Trader, - . . ^^^9 

Fleet's Journal of a Voyage in Ship Warwick, 19 

William Claiborne OF Kent Island, - - 38 

Embarcation of Lord Baltimore's Colony - 59 

Leonard Calvert, First Governor, - - - 65 

Thomas Cornwallis, Commissioner, - - . 69 

Jerome Hawley, Commission fr, - - . . 33 

Early Religious History, - . . . . on 
Condition op Keligion during the Ascendancy op 

Parliament, ----.. iqo 
Religious Parties from the Accession op Charles 

the Second to A.D. 1700, - . . . 141 

Addenda, _ _ .^7 



FOUNDERS OF MARYLAND. 



HENRY FLEET. 

ijEFOHE the charter ofMarjlaud was granted, Eng- 
lish men, engaged in the beaver trade, had settled upon 
the isles and shores of the Chesapeake Bay and its tri- 
butaries. As one turns over the pages of the large 
manuscript volumes in folio, prepared by the Secretary 
of the London Company, he reads that on July 21st, 
1621, a paper was read from Ensign Savage, relating 
to the great trade of furs, by Frenchmen, in the Great 
Bay. The letters of John Pory, Secretary of the Vir- 
ginia Colony, also informed the Company of a disco- 
very, by him and others, into the Great Bay northward, 
where he left " settled, very happily, near an hundred 
Englishmen, with hope of a good trade of furs." 
Among the first points, occupied by traders, was the 
island situated at the head of the Chesapeake Bay, near 
the mouth of the Susquehanna River, which was called 
Palmer's Island, after Edward Palmer, a nephew of 
the unfortunate Sir Thomas Overbury, poisoned by the 
malicious arrangements of the wanton wife of the 
Earl of Somerset. Camden speaks of Palmer as a 



10 The Founders of Maryland. 

curious and diligent antiquary, and the quaint Fuller 
writes : 

" His plenteous estate afforded him opportunity to 
put forward the ingenuity implanted by nature, for 
the public good, resolving to erect an academy in 
Virginia. In order whereunto he purchased an island, 
called Palmer's Island unto this day, but in pursuance 
thereof was at many thousand pounds expense, some 
instruments employed therein, not discharging the 
trust reposed in them with corresponding fidelity."^ 

Another point, occupied by the whites was the junc- 
tion of Potomac Creek with Potomac River, in what 
is now Strafford County, Virginia, In the fall of 1621 
the ship Warwick and pinnace Tiger, sailed from 
the Thames with supplies, and thirty-eight young 
women, selected with care, as wives for Virginia 
planters. On the voyage, the Captain of the Tiger 
fell in with a vessel of Turks, and was captured, but 
at length, was rescued by the coming up of another 
friendly ship, in company of which, he arrived with 
the maids, at Jamestown. The Tiger was then sent 
under Spilman, an experienced trader, with twenty-six 
men to trade for corn in the upper Potomac, and they 



' Palmer's Island, as marked upon Augustine Hermann's Map of Vir- 
ginia and Maryland, published in 1673, wliicli I have examined in the 
British Museum, is the island now known as Watson's Island, a few 
rods above the bridge of the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore 
Railway. 



Fight with Anacostans. 11 

erected a stockade at Potomac Creek. On this voyage, 
with twenty-one men, Spilman landed among the 
Anacostans, who lived on and near the site of the city 
of Washington, and five men remained on board, who 
were attacked by the savages, whom they repulsed, by 
the discharge of fcannon. Those on shore were either 
killed or made prisoners, and among the latter was 
Henry Fleet, v^ho became one of the prominent asso- 
ciates of Governor Calvert, in establishing the Province 
of Maryland. 

After a capitivity of several years he returned to 
England, and magnified the truth in the manner 
of Hennepin and La Hontan. One of the letter writers 
of that day says : " Here is one, whose name is Fleet, 
newly come from Virginia, who being lately ransomed 
from the Indians, with whom he hath long lived, till 
he hath left his own language, reporteth that he hath 
oftentimes been within sight of the South Seas, that 
he hath seen Indians besprinkle their paintings with 
powder of gold, that he had likewise seen rare pre- 
cious stones among them, and plenty of black fox, 
which of all others is the richest fur."^ 

By his rose-colored representations, he induced Lon- 
don merchants, to engage in the Potomac beaver trade. 
In September, 1627, William Cloberry a prominent 
London merchant, placed the Paramour, a vessel of 



Mead, in Streeter's Early Marylaud Papers. 



12 The Founders of Maryland. 

Olio hundred tons, in cliariije of Fleet.' Four years 
later, Fleet is again in England, and on the 4th day 
of July, 1631, the ship Warwick with John Dunton as 
Master, and Henry Fleet factor, sailed for America. 
After visiting New England, the vessel, on the 21st of 
October, arrived at the mouth of James River, in 
Chesapeake Bay. Five days later, he reached the 
town of Yowaccomoco, where he had lived with the 
Indians for several years, and found that they, by 
reason of his absence, had burned the beaver skins, as 
was their custom. He then entered into an agree- 
ment that they should preserve the furs during the 
winter, and promised that he would come in the spring, 
and give them merchandize in exchange. Receiving 
eight hundred bushels of Indian corn, he sailed on the 
6th of December, but owing to a storm, w^as obliged 
to anchor in James River. Fleet writes to his partners 
in London : " Divers that seemed to be my friends, 
advised me to visit the Governor.^ I show^cd myself 



' Bruce's British State Papers. 

" Governor John Harvey was, in early life, a captain in the East 
Indies. Late in the year 1G39, he succeeded Pott, as Governor of 
Virginia. On the 15th of September 1634 Lord Baltimore asked 
Windebank, Secretary of State, to thank Harvey for assistance rendered 
the Maryland Colony. Three days after the King's Secretary sent a 
flattering note to the Governor. On the 16th of December Harvey 
wrote " Desirous to do Lord Baltimore all the service he is able, but 
his power is not great, being limited by his commission, to the greater 
number of voices at the Council table, where almost all are against 
him, especially when it concerns Maryland." 

In May 1635 he was deposed as Governor and sent to England by 



Fleet at Accomac. 13 

willing, yet watched an opportunity that might be 
convenient for my purpose, being not minded to 
adventure my fortunes at the disposing of the Gover- 
nor." On the 10th of January he slipped away from 
Point Comfort, and on the 7th of February, was trad- 
ing with the fishermen of the New England coast. 
On the 6th of March, he stopped at the Isle of Shoals, 
near Portsmouth, New Hampshire, and procured pro- 
visions, for a return voyage, and from thence, went to 
Massachusetts Bay. 

On the 9th of April, 1632, in company with a pin- 
nace of twenty tons, Fleet steered for Southern waters. 
On the 13th of May, he arrived at the Accomac settle- 
ment, of which Captain William Clayborne was the 
prominent man. After a visit of three days, Clayborne 
in a small vessel accompanied him across the Chesa- 
peake Bay. Eight days after this, he arrived again at 
Yowaccomoco, and found that one Charles Ilarman ' 



the Council, for the usurpation of power without respect to the vote of 
the Council,and for upholding the Marylanders in attacking C'layborne's 
pinnace, and for knocking out some of the teeth of a Capt. Stevens 
with a cudgel. 

The King on the 2d of April 1636 gave Harvey a new commission 
as Governor, and on the 18th of January 1637 returned to Jamestown 
and resumed his imsition. He was succeeded i)y Sir Francis Wyatt in 
November 1639, and died after much bodily suffering, leaving many 
debts. 

' Charles Harman was a planter of Accomac and at this time thirty- 
two years of age. He came to Virginia in 1623, in the Ship Further- 
ance. In 1625 his servants on his plantation were John Askume aged 
twenty-two, and Robert Fennoll who came in 1624 in the ship Charles, 



14 The Founders of Maryland. 

an Indian trader had already secured most of the 
beaver. Resting here, he immediately sent his brother 
Edward toward the Falls of the Potomac, to secure 
furs. On the 26th of May, he reached the town of 
Potomac, in what is now Strafford County, Va., and on 
the 1st of June, sent back the pinnace of twenty tons, 
with a cargo of Indian corn, and proceeded to Piscat- 
toway the residence of a powerful chief, and from 
thence, visited the Anacostans, an adjoining band, who 
traded with the Canada Indians, and by whom he bad 
been captured several years before. On Tuesday, the 
26th of June, he anchored two leagues below the Falls 
of the Potomac, in the vicinit3^ of what is now the city 
of Washington. He writes, in his journal, which is 
still preserved, in the library of Lambeth Palace : 

" This place without all question is the most pleasant 
and healthful place in all this country, and most con- 
venient for habitation, the air temperate in summer, 
and not violent in winter. The 27th of June, I 
manned my shallop, and went up with the flood, the 
tide rising four feet, at this place. We had not rowed 
above three miles, but we might hear the Falls to roar, 
about six miles distant." 

After trading with the Indians in the neighborhood, 
he returned to Piscattoway, about fifteen miles below 



and James Knott aged twenty-three wlxo came in 1617 in the ship 
George. Harman at one time represented Accomac in the Virginia 
Assembly. 



Visit to Governor Harvey. 15 

Washington, and on the 28th of August, met a boat, 
containing John Utie a Virginia councillor, Charles 
Harmon a trader, and six others who came to bring 
hira before Governor Harvey for illicit trading. 

The Governor was grasping and unscrupulous and 
seems to have winked at Fleet's irregularities. On 
the 7th of September, thelatter anchored at Jamestown, 
and writes in his journal : " The Governor, bearing 
himself like a noble gentleman, showed me very much 
favor, and used me with unexpected courtesy. Captain 
Utie did acquaint the Council with the success of the 
voyage, and every man seemed to be desirous to be a 
partner with me. ***** The Court was called the 
14th of September, where an order was made, which I 
have here enclosed, and I find that the Governor hath 
favored me therein." 

There is in the Public Record Office, at London, a 
complaint of Griffith & Co., owners of the ship War- 
wick, in which they state that three years before, they 
had sent the ship to Virginia, for trade and discovery, 
of which Henry Fleet was factor, with commission to 
return in a year, but, that by authority of Governor 
Harvey, Fleet had retained the vessel aud its profits to 
their great loss.^ 

Other London merchants in that day found the Vir- 
ginians slippery fellows, and were ready to endorse 



Sainsbury's State Papers. 



16 The Founders of Maryland. 

the sentiments of the Dutcli captain De Vries, who had 
been a guest of Governor Harvey, and wrote as follows 
in his book of voyages : " The English there are very 
hospitable, but they are not proper persons to trade 
with. You must look out when you trade with them, 
Peter is always by Paul or you will be stuck in the 
tail. If they can deceive any one, they account it 
among themselves a Roman action. They say in their 
language, ' He played him an English trick.' " 

The next mention of Fleet, is in connection with th 
settlement of the Calvert colony. Governor Leonard 
Calvert, before landing his company made a reconuois- 
sance of the Potomac, as far as Piscattoway. The in- 
terpreter. Father White says, was Henry Fleet, and 
" one of the Protestants of Virginia." The journal of 
the Jesuit continued : "The Governor had taken with 
him, as a companion on his voyage, Henry Fleet, a 
Captain from the Virginia colony, a man especially 
acceptable to the savages, well versed in their language, 
and acquainted with the country. This man was at 
first, very intimate with us, afterwards, being misled by 
the evil counsels of one Clayborne, he became very 
hostile to us, and excited the natives to anger against 
us, by all the means in his power. 

" In the meantime, however, while he was still on 
friendly terms with us, he pointed out to the Governor, 
a spot so charming in its situation, that Europe can 
scarcely show one to surpass it." Thus Fleet's old 



Fleet's Trading Post. 17 

trading post, Yowaccoraoco, was transformed into the 
town of Saint Mary, and Leonard Calvert and his asso- 
ciates began there to build a rival commonwealth to 
Virginia. 

A few weeks after the Calvert colonists landed, on 
May 9, 1634, there were assigned to Fleet, two thousand 
acres on St. George River, St. George's Hundred, 
which was subsequently known as the Manor of West 
Saint Mary. 

In the legislature of 1638, the first Assembly in 
Maryland, whose records have been preserved, were 
Henry Fleet and his brothers Edward, John, and Rey- 
nold, and on the 21st of the next February another 
legislature was called by the Governor, to assemble "at 
the house, where Captain Fleets lately dwelt." 

After the civil war in England began, Fleet identi 
fied himself with Virginia, and by its legislature on 
April 5th, 1645, Captain Fleet was authorized " as a 
lit person acquainted with the language of the Indians, 
and accustomed to intercourse with them, to trade with 
the Rappahanuocks, or any Indians, not in amity with 
Opechancanough." The next year, he was appointed 
to organize an expedition against the Indians, and build 
a fort, in the valley of the Rappahaunoc river. In De- 
cember, 1652, he sat as a member of the Virginia 
legislature, from Lancaster County, and with his old 
rival William Clayborne was authorized " to discover 
and enjoy such benefits and trades, for fourteen years, 



18 The Founders of Maryland. 

as they shall find out in places where no English have 
ever been and discovered, nor have had particular 
trade, and to take up such lands, by patents, proving 
their rights, as they shall think good." 

In 1654, he is last mentioned, as an interpreter to a 
proposed expedition against the Indians. Upon the 
Coast Survey Map of the Potomac, in the Report of 
1860, Fleet's Point appears between the 37th and 38th 
degrees of latitude, and here perhaps, the old and hardy 
pioneer may have last lived. 




A BRIEF JOURNAL 

OF A VOYAGE MADE IN THE BARK VIRGINIA, TO VIRGINIA 
AND OTHER PARTS OF THE CONTINENT OF AMERICA. 



J.N the library of the Archbishop of Canterbury, a 
Lambeth, is a raaimscript journal with the above title, 
writen by Capt. Henry Fleet. In 1664 it belonged to 
William Griffith A.M., who was, probably, the son of 
Henry Griffith, one of the owners of the Warwick, and 
may have been the Oxford graduate, who was Chan- 
cellor of dioceses of St. Asaph and Bangor. In pre- 
senting the journal to American readers, bad and 
obsolete spellings have been corrected, with the excep- 
tion of those of proper names. 

JOURNAL. 

" The 4th of July 1631, we weighed anchor from 
the Downs, and sailed for New England, where we 
arrived in the harbor of Pascattouaie, the 9th of 
September, making some stay upon the coast of New 
England. From thence, on Monday the 19th of Sep- 
tember, we sailed directly for Virginia, where we came 
to anchor in the bay there, the 21st of October, but 
made little stay. From thence we set sail for the river 
of Potomack, where we arrived the 26th of October at 



20 The Founders of Maryland. 

an Indian town called Yowaccomoco, being at the 
mouth of the river, where I found that, by reason of 
my absence, the Indians had not preserved their beaver, 
but burned it, as the custom is, whereupon I endea- 
voured by persuasion to alter that custom, and to pre- 
serve it for mc against the next spring, promising to 
come there with commodities in exchange by the first 
of April. Here I was tempted to run up the river to 
the heads, there to trade with a strange populous 
nation, called Mowhaks,^ man-eaters, but after good 
deliberation, I couceived many inconveniences that 
might fall out. First, I considered that I was engaged 
to pay a quantity of Indian corn in New England, the 
neglect whereof might be prejudicial both to them 
that should have it, and to me that promised payment. 
And when I observed that winter was very forward, 
and that if I should proceed and be frozen in, it might 
be a great hindrance to my proceedings ; therefore I 
did forbear, and making all the convenient haste I 
could, I took into the barque her lading of Indian corn 
as I supposed, being persuaded and overruled by John 
Dunton, whom I entertained as master. But upon the 
delivery of our lading found not above 800 bushels to 
our great hindrance. 

" The 6th of December we weighed anchor, shaping 
our course directly for New England, but the wind 

* The Maquas, Mawhawks, Mowliaks, or Moliawks were then a 
fierce tribe west and south of Albany, N. Y., but Fleet exaggerates in 
calling them, man-eaters. 



Corn for New England. 21 

being contrary, ending with a fearful storm, wc were 
forced into the inhabited river of James Town. There 
were divers envious people, who would have executed 
their malice upon us had it not been for a rumour of 
a commission they supposed I had, which I took great 
pains to procure, but (time being precious and my 
charge great) I came away only with the copy. Divers 
that seemed to be my friends advised me to visit the 
Governor. I showed myself willing, yet watched an 
opportunity that might be convenient for my purpose, 
being not minded to adventure my fortunes at the 
disposing of the Governor. 

" Then we did a little replenish our provisions. But 
at this time I was much troubled with the seamen, 
all of them resolving not to stir until the spring, alleg- 
ing that it was impossible to gain a passage in winter, 
and that the load being corn, was the more dangerous. 
But the master and his mate, who were engaged for 
the delivery of the corn, laboured to persuade and en- 
courage them to proceed, showing that it would be 
for their benefit ; so that, with threats and fair persua- 
sions, at last I prevailed. 

" On Tuesday, the 10th of January, we set sail from 
Point Comfort and arrived at Pascattoway, in New 
England, on Tuesday the 7th of February, where we 
delivered our corn, the quantity being 700 bushels. 

" On Tuesday, the 16th of March, we weighed 
anchor and sailed to the Isle of Shoals, where we fur- 



22 The Founders of Maryland. 

nished ourselves with provisions of victual. Sunday, 
the llth'of March, we sailed for the Massachusetts 
Bay, and arrived there on the 19th day. I wanted 
commodities to trade with the Indians, and here 1 
endeavoured to fit myself if I could. I did obtain some, 
but it proved of little value, and was the overthrow of 
my voyage. 

"From the Massachusetts, was sent with me a small 
pinnace of the burthen of twenty tons, the which I 
was to freight with Indian corn for trucking stuff, which 
proved to me like that I had before from the Bay, and 
Pascattowaj, from whence I had some likewise. Yet 
this was not the greatest wrong I received by this 
barque, as shall hereafter be related. 

" On Monday, the 9th of April , 1632, we both weighed 
anchor, and shaped our course for Virginia, but the 
sixth day being stormy weather we lost our pinnace. 
Contrary winds and gusty weather, with the insuffi- 
ciency of the master, made our return to Virginia 
tedious, to the overthrow of the voyage. But it so 
pleased God that we anchored against the English 
colony the 13th of May, when, for want of wind, being 
a flat calm, we came to an anchor at Acomack. Hav- 
ing some English commodities I sold them for tobacco. 
Wednesday, the 16th of May, we shaped our course 
for the river of Patomack, with the company of Cap- 
tain Claybourne, being in a small vessel. By the 
relation of him and others of the plantation of Aco- 



Charles Harman, Trader. 23 

mack, the Governor of Virginia was much displeased 
with me, unto whom complaints had been made by 
divers of the country, and it had been discovered by 
one of my company that was run away, how that I 
had but the copy of my commission. Friday, the 17th 
of May, we might discern a sail making toward us 
about two o'clock in the afternoon. She came up to us, 
and we found that it was the pinnace that came out 
with us, which having had a short passage, had been 
up the river of Patomack, at Yowocomaco, an Indian 
town, where she had stayed three weeks, and then I 
was certified, that he who had usually been in those 
parts with me, after my last departure, came there and 
went up the river to truck, where he found good store 
of beaver, and being furnished with commodities such 
as Virginia affords, did beat about from town to 
town for beaver, but prevailed not. And in the end, 
coming where my barque had been, that town having 
300 weight of beaver, he then reported that I was 
dead, they supposing his vessel to be the same that I 
was to come in, desired them to bring me dead or 
alive, and this report caused some distraction for the 
present, who supposed that by reason of my long ab- 
sence, past my appointed time, some mischance had 
befallen me. And the Indians there disposed of their 
beaver to Charles Harman, being 300 weight, who 
departed but three days before I came there. 

" This relation did much trouble me, fearing (having 



24 The Founders of Maryland. 

contrary winds) that the Indians might be persuaded 
to dispose of all their beaver before they could have 
notice of my being in safety, they themselves having 
no use at all for it, being not accustomed to take pains 
to dress it and make coats of it. Monday, the 21st of 
May, we came to an anchor at the mouth of the river, 
where hastening ashore, I sent two Indians, in company 
with my brother Edward, to the Emperor, being three 
days' journey towards the Falls. And so sailing to 
the other side of the river, I sent two Indians more, 
giving express order to all of them not to miss an In- 
dian town and to certify them of my arrival. But it 
so happened that he (Harman) had cleared both sides 
of the river, so far as the Emperor's where these In- 
dians, when they came, certified him of my being well, 
and of my brother's being there, so that afterwards he 
could not get a skin, but he made a very hand of it, 
and an unexpected trade for the time, at a small charge, 
having gotten 1500 weight of beaver, and cleared 
fourteen towns. There were yet three that were at 
the disposing of the Emperor, so the barque and my- 
self passing by divers towns, came to the town of Pato- 
mack on Saturday, the 26th of May.^ There I gave 
the pinnace her lading of Indian corn, and sent her 
away the 1st of June, with letters from our company 
to their friends in London, and elsewhere in England, 
which were safely conveyed from'New England. The 



' Potomac town supposed to be at the moutli of Potomac Creek in 
Virginia. 



Massomack Indians. 25 

same day, with a north-west wind (Charles Harman 
staying no longer), we set sail, and the third we arrived 
at the Emperor's, but before we could come to the town 
he was paddled aboard, by a petty king, in a canoe. 

When he came he used divers speeches, and alleged 
many circumstances for the excuse of the beaver which 
Charles Harman had of his men in that river, and after 
compliments used, he presented me with one hundred 
and fourteen beaver skins, which put me iilto a little 
comfort after so much ill success. Yet this was noth- 
ing, in regard to the great change at his town, and at 
a little town by him called the Nacostines, where I had 
almost 800 weight of beaver. There is but little 
friendship between the Emperor, and the ISTacostines,^ 
he being fearful to punish them, because they are pro- 
tected by the Massomacks or Cannyda Indians, who 
have used to convey all such English truck as cometh 
into the river to the Massomacks. 

" The Nacostines before, here occasioned the kill- 
ing of twenty men of our English, myself then being 
taken prisoner and detained five years, which was in 
the time of Sir Francis Wyatt, he being the Governor 
of Virginia.^ The 13th of June I had some conference 
with an interpreter of Massomack^ and of divers other 

' The Nacostines or Anacostans lived near the site of the city of 
Washington. The suburb opposite the Navy Yard is now called 
Anacostia, and Mason's Island is often called Analostan. 

* See page 11. 

' Daniel Gookin, formerly of Virginia and a friend of the Massachu- 
setts Indian missionary, John Eliot, in a History of the Indians in New 
4 



26 The Founders of Maryland. 

iDdians that had been lately with them, whose rela- 
tion was very strange in regard of the abundance of 
people there, compared to all the other poor number 
of natives which are in Patomack and places adjacent, 
where are not above five thousand persons, and also 
of the infinite store of beaver they use in coats. 
Divers were the imaginations that I did conceive about 
this discovery, and understanding that the river was 
not for shipping, where the people were, not yet for 
boats to pass, but for canoes only. I found all my 
neighbor Indians to be against my design, the Pascat- 
towies having had a great slaughter formerly by them 
to the number of one thousand persons in my time. 
They coming in their birchen canoes did seek to 
withdraw me from having any commerce with the 
other Indians, and the Kacostines were earnest in the 
matter, because they knew that our trade might hinder 
their benefit. Yet I endeavored to prosecute my trade 
with them 'nevertheless, and therefore made choice 
of two trusty Indians to be sent along with my brother, 
who could travel well. 



England, writes : " There is a numerous race of Indians tliat live upon 
a great lake or sea. Some report it to be salt water, while others fresh. 
* * * * This people I conceive to be the same that Capt. Smith in his 
History of Virginia doth in several places call Massawomeks. * * * 
Now the place where he met with and heard of this great jjeople of 
Massawomeks was at the head of the Chesapeake Bay or Gulf, which 
lieth in the latitude of 40 degrees, nearest ; and he saitli, they had re- 
course thither from the lakes or seas where they lived, in canoes of 
bark of trees." 



Fish and Game. 27 

" I fiud the Indians of that populous place are 
governed by four kings, whose towns are of several 
names, Tonhoga,^ Mosticuni, Shaunetowa.^and Ussera- 
hak,^ reported above thirty thousand persons, and that 
thej liave palisades about the towns made with great 
trees, and with scaffolds upon the walls. Unto these 
four kings, I sent four presents in beads, bells, hatchets, 
knives, and coats, to the value of <£8 sterling. 

" The 14th of June they set forth, and I entreated 
them to bring these Indians down to the water to the 
Falls, where they should find me with the ship. On 
Monday, the 25th of June, we set sail for the town of 
Tohoga, when we came to an anchor two leagues 
short of the Falls,* being in the latitude of 41, on the 
26th of June. This place without all question is the 
most pleasant and healthful place in all this country, 
and most convenient for habitation, the air temper- 
ate in summer and not violent in winter. It abouudeth 
witb all manner of fish. The Indians in one night 
commonly will catch thirty sturgeons in a place where 
the river is not above twelve fathom broad. And as 
for deer, buffaloes, bears, turkeys, the woods do swarm 
with them, and the soil is exceedingly fertile, but 
above this place the country is rocky and mountainous 
like Cannida. 

• Tohofjas or Tiogas ? 
'' Sbawnees ? 

' Outouacs or Ottowas ? 

* Nine miles above Washington. 



28 The Founders of Maryland. 

" The 27th of June I manned my shallop, and went 
up with the flood, the tide rising about four feet in 
height at this place. We had not rowed above three 
miles, but we might hear the Falls to roar about six 
miles distant, by which it appears that the river is 
separated with rocks, but only in that one place, for 
beyond is a fair river. The 3d of July, my brother, 
with the two Indians, came thither, in which journey 
they were seven days going, and five days coming back 
to this place. They all did affirm that in one palisado, 
and that being the last of thirty, there were three 
hundred houses, and in every house forty skins at 
least, in bundles and piles. To this king was delivered 
the four presents, who dispersed them to the rest. The 
entertainment they had I omit as tedious to relate. 
There came with them, one-half of the way, one hun- 
dred and ten Indians, laden with beaver, which could 
not be less than 4000 weight. These Indians were 
made choice of by the whole nation, to see what we 
were, what was our intent, and whether friends or 
foes, and what commodities we had, but they were met 
with by the way by the Nacostines, who told them we 
purposed to destroy those that came in our way, in 
revenge of the Pascattowaies, beii:g hired to do so for 
114 skins, which were delivered aforesaid, for a present, 
as a preparative. 

" But see the inventions of devils ; the life of my 
brother, by this tale of the Nacostines, was much en- 



Fleet's Brother Returns, 29 

dangered. The next morning I went to the Nacostines 
to know the reason of this business, who answered, 
they did know no otherwise, but that if I would 
make a firm league with them, and give their king a 
a present, then they would undertake to bring those 
other Indians down. The refusal of this offer, was the 
greatest folly that I have ever committed, in mine 
opinion. 

"The 10th of July, about one o'clock we discerned 
an Indian on the other side of the river, who with a 
shrill sound, cried, 'Quo! Quo! Quo!' holding up 
a beaver skin upon a pole. I went ashore to him, who 
then gave me the beaver skin, with his hatchet, and 
laid down his head with a strange kind of behavior, 
using some few words, which I learned, but to me it 
was a foreign language. I cheered him, told him he 
was a good man, and clapped him on the breast with 
my hands. Whereupon he started up, and used some 
complimental speech, leaving his things with me ran 
up the hill. 

""Within the space of half an hour, Le returned, 
with five more, one being a woman, and an interpreter, 
at wliich I rejoiced, and so I expressed myself to them, 
showing them courtesies. These were laden with 
beaver, and came from a town called Usserahak, where 
were seven thousand Indians. I carried these Indians 
aboard, and traded with them for their skins. They 
drew a plot of their country, and told me there came 



30 The Founders of Maryland. 

with them sixty canoes, but were interrupted by the 
Nacostines, who always do wait for them, and were 
hindered by them. Yet these, it would seera, were 
resolute, not fearing death, and would adventure to 
come down. These promised, if I would show them my 
truck, to get great store of canoes to come down with 
one thousand Indians that should trade with me. I 
had but little, not worth above one hundred pound 
sterling, and such as was not fit for these Indians to 
trade with, who delight in hatchets, and knives of 
large size, broad-cloth, and coats, shirts, and Scottish 
stockings. The women desire bells, and some kind 
of beads. 

"The 11th of July there came from another place 
seven lusty men, with strange attire; they had red 
fringe, and two of them had beaver coats, which they 
gave me. Their language was haughty, and they 
seemed to ask me what I did there, and demanded to 
see my truck, which, upon view, they scorned. They 
had two axes, such as Captain Kirk traded in Cannida, 
which he bought at Whits of Wapping, and there I 
bought mine, and think I had as good as he. But 
these Indians, after they came aboard, seemed to be 
fair conditioned, and one of them, taking a piece of 
chalk, made a plain demonstration of their country, 
which was nothing different from the former plot drawn 
by the other Indians. These called themselves Mosti- 
kums, but afterwards I found they were of a people 



Cannibalism of Natives. 31 

three days' journey from these, and were called Herec- 
keenes/ who, with their own beaver, and what they get 
of those that do adjoin upon them, do drive a trade in 
Cannida,at the plantation, which is fifteen days' journey 
from this place. These people delight not in toys, but 
in useful commodities. 

" There was one William Elderton very desirous to 
go with them, but being cannibals I advised him rather 
to go with the others, whither I had sent a present, 
telling him they had no good intentions, yet upon his 
earnest entreaty, though unwilling, I licensed him to 
proceed, and sent a present with him to their king, 
one of them affirming that they were a people of one 
of the four aforenamed nations. But I advised my 
man to carry no truck along, lest it might be a means 
to endanger his life. Nevertheless, as I was after- 
wards informed, he carried a coat, and other things to 
the value of ten shillings more, and on the 14th of 
July departed. 

" The 15th of July the Indians were returned with 
the interpreter, according to promise, and, being come, 
looked about for William our interpreter, to whom I 
made relation whither he was gone, and they seemed 
to lament for him, as if he were lost, saying, that the 
men with whom he went would eat him, that these 
people were not their friends, but that they weroHere- 
cheenes. At the departure of these Indians, they told 

* Iroquois ? 



32 The Founders of Maryland. 

me that two hundred Indians were come to the place 
from whence they came with store of English truck to 
trade for beaver, and told us they had a purpose to 
come down and visit us, and take a view of our com- 
modities, and they inquired after divers kinds of com- 
modities, of which I had some very good, part of 
which I gave them, and sent them away, desiring them 
to follow after the other Indians, and to get away my 
man. All this time did my truck spend not so much 
upon beaver as upon victuals, having nothing but 
what we bought of the Indians, of whom we had fish, 
beans, and boiled corn. The seamen, nevertheless, 
hoped to sell away all their clothes for beaver. 

" The 18th of July I went to the Pascattowaies, and 
there excused myself for trading with those that were 
enemies, and from thence I hired sixteen Indians, and 
brought them to the ship, and made one of them my 
merchant, and delivered to them, equally divided, the 
best part of my truck, which they carried up for me, 
to trade with their countrymen ; and I gave charge to 
the factor to find out my man, and to bring him along 
with them when they came back, 

" The 7th of August these Indians returned, and the 
Tohogaes sent me eighty skins with the trdck again, 
who showed these Indians great packs of beaver, say- 
ing there were nine hundred of them coming down by 
winter, after they had received assurance of our love 
by the Usserahaks, although the Nacostines had much 



Beaver Trade. 33 

labored the contrary. And yet they wore all at a 
stand for a time, by reason of two rumors that had 
raised, the one, that I had no good truck, neither for 
quantity, nor for quality ; the other that one of our 
men was slain by the Hirechenes, three days' journey 
beyond them, and that they had beguiled us with the 
name of Mosticums, one of their confederate nations. 
Nevertheless, they being desirous to have some trial of 
us, had sent us these skins, minding to have an answer 
whether we would be so satisfied of this deceit or no> 
and that they would come all four nations and trade 
with us upon their guard. 

" I liked this motion very well, but was unwilling 
to protract time, because I had but little victuals, and 
small store of trucking stuff, and therefore I sailed 
down to Pascattowie, and so to a town on this side of 
it called Moyumpse. Here came three cannibals of 
Usserahak, Tohoga, and Mosticum ; these used many 
complimenting speeches and rude orations, showing 
that they desired us to stay fifteen days, and they 
would come with a great number of people that should 
trade with us as formerly they had spoken. I gave 
them all courteous entertainment, and so sent them 
back again. 

" At this time I had certain news of a small pinnace 
with eight men, that made inquiry in all places for me, 
with whom was Charles Harman.' The Indians would 
* See page 13. 



34 The Founders of Maryland. 

willingly have put them by from me, or I could have 
shifted them in the night, or taken them, as I pleased ; 
but, knowing my designs to be fair and honest, I feared 
nothing that mi<):ht happen by this means. And now, 
after much toil and some misery, I was desirous of 
variety of company. 

" The 28th of August, in the morning, I discerned 
the barque, and having the shallop which I built 
amongst the Indians, I manned her with ten men and 
all manner of munition, with a full resolution to (dis- 
cover) what they were, and what were their intentions. 
Being come near them, I judged what they were and 
went aboard, where I found Captain John Uty, one 
of the Council of Virginia.^ In which barque I stayed 
with them by the space of two hours, and then invited 
them aboard my ship, where, being entered into my 
cabin, after a civil pause, this salutation was used : — 

" Captain Fleet, I am sorry to bring ill news, and to 
trouble you in these courses, being so good ; but as I 
am an instrument, so I pray you to excuse me, for, in 
the King's name I arrest you, your ship, and goods, 
and likewise your company, to answer such things as 
the Governor and Council shall object." 

I obeyed ; yet I conceived that I might use my own 
discretion, and most of his company being servants, 
and ill-used, were willing to have followed me, yea, 
though it had been to have gone for England. 

' See notice of Utie on page 48. 



Fleet's Arrest. 35 

'' The 29th of August we came to Patomack ; here 
was I tempted to take in corn, and then to proceed 
for New England; but wanting truck, and having 
much tobacco due to me in Virginia, I was unwilling 
to take any irregular course, especially in that I con- 
ceived all my hopes and future fortunes depended upon 
the trade and traffic that was to be bad out of this 
river. 

" I took in some provisions, and came down to a 
town called Patobanos,^ where I found that all the In- 
dians below the cannibals, which are in number five 
thousand persons in the river of Patomack, will take 
pains this winter in the killing of beavers and preserve 
the furs for me now that they begin to find what benefit 
may accrue to them thereby. By this means I shall 
have in readiness at least five or six thousand weight 
against my next coming to trade there. Thursday, 
the 6th of September 1632, we came to the river of 
James Town, and on the 7th day anchored at James 
Town, and I went ashore the same night. 

" The Governor, bearing himself like a noble gen- 
tleman, showed me very much favor, and used me with 
unexpected courtesy. Captain Utye did acquaint the 
Council with the success of the voyage, and every man 
seemed to be desirous to be a partner with me in these 
employments. I made as fair weather as might be 
with them, to the end I might know what would be 



Also called Potopaco and Potobatto, now Port Tobacco. 



36 The Founders of Maryland. 

the business in question and what tbey would or could 
object, that I might see what issue it would come to. 

"The Court was called the 14th of September, 
where tin order was made, which I have here enclosed, 
and I find that the Governor hath favored me therein. 
After this day, I had free power to dispose of myself. 
Whereupon I took into consideration my business, 
and what course would be most for mine advantage, 
and what was fittest for me to resolve upon. I con- 
ceived it would be prejudicial to my designs to lose 
the advantage of the spring, because of the infancy of 
this project, considering how needful it was to settle 
this course of trade with the Indians so newly begun, 
and now that I had gotten £200 worth of (beaver) in 
readiness, and some of it very good. 

" And I having now built a new barque of sixteen 
tons, and fitted myself with a partner that joineth with 
me for a moiety in that vessel, which we have sent to 
the Cannadies with provisions, and such merchandize, 
are there good commodities, and so to the Medeiras 
and Tenariffe. The loading is corn, meal, beef, pork, 
and clapboards. For myself, I hope to be gone up the 
river within the six days. 

"And so, beloved friends, that shall have the pe- 
rusal of this journal, I hope that you will hold me ex- 
cused in the method of this relation, and bear with 
my weakness in penning the same. And consider 
that time would not permit me to use any rhetoric in 



End of Journal. 37 

the form, of this discourse, which, to say truly, lam 
but a stranger unto as yet, considering that in my in- 
fancy and prime time of youth, which might have ad- 
vantaged my study that way, and enabled me with 
more learning, I was for many years together com- 
pelled to live amongst these people, whose prisoner I 
was, and by that means am a better proficient in the 
Indian language than mine own, and am made more 
able that way. 

" The thing that I have endeavored herein is, in 
plain phrase, to make such relation of my voyage as 
may give some satisfaction to my good friends, whose 
longing thoughts may hereby have a little content, by 
perusing this discourse, wherein it will appear how I 
proceeded, and what success I have had, and how I 
am like to speed if God permit. All which particulars, 
the whole ship's company are ready to testify on be- 
half of this Journal." 



WILLIAM CLAYBORNE. 



XN the Relation of the Successful Beginnings of 
Lord Baltimore's Plantation in Maryland, written a 
few weeks after the landing of Leonard Calvert and 
associates, it is stated, that William Clayborne came 
" from parts in Virginia where we intend to plant," 
and said that the Indians were alarmed, by reason of a 
rumor that some one had raised, of six ships that were 
come, with a power of Spaniards." 

Clayborne was above the majority of the Virginia 
colonists in birth and intellectual culture. He had a 
very different training from Henry Fleet, his rival in 
the Indian trade, who once wrote " that in my infancy 
and prime time of youth, I was for years together com- 
pelled to live among these people whose prisoner I 
was, and by that means am a better proficient in the 
Indian language, than mine own." 

He was the second son of Sir Edward Cleburne or 
Clayborne of Westmoreland, and was one of the colo- 
nial officers appointed in 1621, by the London Com- 
pany for Virginia,and for many years Secretary of the 
Colony. 

Among his early companions at Jamestown were 



Companions of Clayborne. 39 

the estimable Governor, Sir Francis Wyatt and his 
gentle wife, the niece of Sir Edwin Sandys, the head 
of the London Company. The chaplain was Rev. 
liant Wyatt, A.M., the Q-overnor's brother. The 
Treasurer of the Colony was George Sandys, poet and 
translator of Ovid, and brother of Sir Edwin. The 
Secretary was another poet, Christopher Davison, the 
son of that Sir William, in whose employ William 
Brewster of Plymouth Rock once was. The surgeon 
general John Pott, was also a Master of Arts.' In 
1621 the London Company writes : " It is our express 
vy^ill that the tenants belonging to every office, be fixed 
to his certain place, on the lands set out, for which 
Mr. Cleyburne ^ is chosen to be our Surveyor, who at 
the Company's very great charge is set out." 

In 1627 Clayborne commanded an expedition against 
the Indians, and landing at the junction of the York 
and Pamunkey River destroyed the village and corn- 



' Oxford University in 1605 conferred the degree of A.M. on Jolin 
Pott and George Calvert afterwards the first Lord Baltimore. See 
Wood's Atheme Ooeonienses. 

"^ The name is variously spelt, Cleyburne, Cleburne, Clybourne, 
Clibourne. The following pedigree is found in the Visitation of 
Cumberland, published by the Harleian Society of London. 

Robert Clyborne of Westmoreland. 

Edward Clyborne his son. 

Children of Edward. 

Richard Cliburne. 

John Clibourne. 

Thomas Clibourne. 

William Clibourne. 

Elizabeth married John Thwaits. 



40 The Foundees of Maryland. 

fields, and for his services received the land on which 
the Indians had dwelt. In October of this year, one 
arrived at Jamestown, who caused much dissension. 

Lord Baltimore in early life was known as George 
Calvert, the son of a worthy Yorkshire farmer. A 
graduate of Oxford, and an attache of Cecil, Earl of 
Salisbury, he attracted the attention of James the First, 
and when about twenty-five years of age, was appointed 
one of the Secretaries of State. 

A good linguist, a ready writer, and possessing exe- 
cutive talent, he was soon recognized as a right liand 
man of the King, and an antagonist of the people's 
party in the House of Commons. In 1624 he repre- 
sented Oxford in Parliament, opposed freedom of 
speech, and defended the royal prerogative. In 1625 
he announced his conversion to the Church of Rorae,^ 
and when Charles the First came to the throne, the 
oath of allegiance being ofl:ered to him, as one of the 
Privy Council, he hesitated and was relieved of duties 
at Court, and went to his estate in Ireland. 

While a member of the Church of England, in 1620, 
he had planted a colony at Ferryland in New Found- 



' Goodman formerly Bishop of Gloucester of the Church of England, 
after he united with the Church of Rome, says that Calvert was con- 
verted by Gondomar, the Spanish Ambassador, " and Count Arundel 
whose daughter Secretary Calvert's son had married." This is a 
strange error. Ann Arundel wife of Cecil Calvert died July 24, 1649, 
at the age of thirty-four. When Gondomar was in England she was 
about six years of age, and certainly not married to Secretary Oal vert's 
son. 



First Lord Baltimore. 41 

laiul, aud on May 2lst, 1627, be writes to his intiraate 
friend Sir Thomas Wentworth : 

" I am heartily sorry, that I am farther from my 
hopes of seeing you, before my leaving this town, 
which will be now within these three or four days, 
being bound for a long journey, to a place which I have 
had a long desire to visit, and have now the oppor- 
tunity and leave to do it. 

" It is !N"ew Foundland I mean, which it imports me 
more than in curiosity, only to see, for I must either 
go and settle it in better order or else give it over, and 
lose all the charges I have been at hitherto, for other 
men to build their fortunes upon. And I had rather 
be esteemed a fool by some, for the hazard of one 
month's journey, than to prove myself one certainly 
for six years by past, if the business be now lost for 
the want of a little pains and care." ^ 

Arriving at Ferryland on the 23d of July bringing 
two priests of the Church of Rome, he astonished the 
minister of the Church of England in charge of the 
colonists. After a brief visit, he went back to England 
and in the summer of 1628 returned with a second 
wife,^ and several children by his first wife, and a 



• Strafford's Letters, vol. 1, p. 39, Dublin, 1740. 

* There has been much confusion as to Lord Baltimore's family re- 
lations. 

Davis and Hildreth erroneously intimate that Governor Leonard 
Calvert was an illegitimate child, and bore the baton in his escutcheon. 
Governor Stuyvesant of New York, who corresponded with Governor 
6 



42 The Founders of Maryland. 

Koman Catholic priest. The Church of England 
clergyman was sent home, and in October complained 
to the authorities of England, that contrary to law, 
mass was publicly celebrated in New Foundland. In 
a few months Lord Baltimore found the country too 
cold for a residence, and he wrote a letter dated August 
19th, 1629, to his old friend King Charles, in which he 
uses these words. 

" Have met with grave difficulties and incumbrances 
here, which in this place are no longer to be resisted, 
but enforce me presently to quit my residence and to 
shift to some other warmer climate of this new world 
where the winter be shorter and less rigorous. 

" For here your Majesty may please to understand 
that I have found by too dear bought experience, which 
other men for their private interests always concealed 
from me, that from the middlest of October, to the 
middlest of May there is a sad fare of winter upon all 
this land, both sea and land so frozen for the greater 
part of the time, as they are not penetrable ; no plant 
or vegetable thing appearing out of the earth until it 
be about the beginning of May, nor fish in the sea; 

Philip Calvert, does however state that Philip was the illegitimate 
child of Leonard Calvert's father, the first Lord Baltimore. 

Lodge, Burke and other writers on the peerage never allude to the 
second wife of Lord Baltimore. It is possible that he was privately 
married in Ireland, and not according to the laws of the Church of 
England. There is a mystery about the second wife. In one of the 
Ayscough MSS. of the British Museum it is stated that she was lost 
at sea, and there the subject is dropped. 



New Foundland Climate. 43 

besides the air is so intolenible cold us it is hardly to 
be endured. 

"By means whereof, and ofmuch salt meat, my house 
hath been an hos})ital, all this winter, of 100 persons, 
fifty sick at a time, myself being one, and nine or ten 
of them died. 

"Hereupon I have had strong temptations to leave 
all proceedings in plantations, and being much decayed 
in my strength to retire myself to my former quiet, but 
my inclination carrying me naturally to these kind of 
works, and not knowing how better to employ the poor 
remainder of my days, than with other good sulvjects, 
to further the best I may, the enlarging your Majesty's 
empire in this part of the world, I am determined to 
commit this place to fishermen that are able to en- 
counter storms and hard weather, and to remove my- 
self with some forty persons to your Majesty's domain, 
Virginia, where if your Majesty will please to grant 
me a precinct of land with such privileges as the King, 
your father was pleased to grant me here, I shall en- 
deavor to the utmost to deserve it." ^ 

Waiting for no reply he sailed away, and early in 
October 1629, with his children and their step-mother 
and attendants arrived at Jamestown. He expressed 
a desire to John Pott the acting Governor, who pro- 
bably received the degree of A.M. from Oxford on 



^ Virginia State Papers. 



44 The Founders of Maryland. 

the same day as he obtained the honor, to settle in that 
country, but was informed that it was the law that 
every new-comer should take the oath of allegiance 
and supremacy, but this he refused and the following 
statement signed by Governor John Pott, Samuel 
Matthews, Roger Smyth and William Clay borne pre- 
pared on N"ovember 30th, 1629, was forwarded to the 
King's Privy Council. ^ 

"May it please your Lordships to understand, that 
about the beginning of October last, there arrived in 
the colony the Lord Baltimore, from his plantation 
at New Foundland, with an intention, as we are in- 
formed, rather to plant himself to the southward of 
the settlement here, although he hath seemed well 
affected to this place, and willing to make his resi- 
dence therein with his whole family. 

" We were readily inclined to render to his Lord- 
ship all those respects which were due unto the 
honor of his person, which might testify with how 
much gladness we desire to receive and to entertain 
him, as being of that eminence and degree whose pre- 
sence and affection might give great advancement to 
the plantation. 

" Thereupon, according to the instructions from 
your Lordships, and the usual course held in this place, 
we tendered the oaths of supremacy and allegiance to 



Va. MSS. Library of Congress. 



Baltimore takes the Oath. 45 

his Lordship and some of his followers, who, making 
profession of the Romish religion, utterly refused to 
take the same, a thing we could not have doubted in 
him, whose former employments under his late Ma- 
jesty might have endeared to us a persuasion he 
would not have made a denial of that, in point whereof, 
consists the loyalty and fidelity which every true sub- 
ject oweth unto his Sovereign. 

" His Lordship, therefore, offered to take the oath, 
a copy whereof is included, but, in true discharge of 
the trust imposed on us by his Majesty, we could not 
imagine that so much latitude was left for us to de- 
cline from the prescribed form so strictly exacted, 
and 80 well justified and defended by the pen of our 
late Sovereign, King James of happy memory ; and 
among the blessings and favors for which we are 
bound to bless God, and which this colony hath re- 
ceived from his Most Gracious Majesty, there is none 
whereby it hath been made more happy than in the 
freedom of our religion which we have enjoyed, and 
that no Papistshave been suffered to settle their abode 
amongst us, the continuance whereof we now humbly 
implore from his Most Sacred Majesty, and earnestly 
beseech your Lordships, that by your mediations and 
counsels, the same may be established and confirmed 

unto us." 

Not discouraged by his cold reception, leaving his 
family, he went to England to sue for a grant of land. 



46 The Founders of Maryland. 

Id the British State Paper Office there is the following 
petition preserved, addressed to Lord Dorchester, Sec- 
retary of State, in Baltimore's own hand. 

" That your Lordship would he pleased to procure 
rae a letter from my Lords of the Council to the Go- 
vernor of Virginia in favor of my wife now there, that 
he would afford her his best assistance upon her return 
into England in all things reasonable for her accom- 
modation, in her passage and for recovery of any debts 
due unto me in Virginia, or for disposing of her ser- 
vants according to the custom of the country if she 
shall think fit to leave any behind her or upon any 
other occasion, wherein she may have use of his law- 
ful favor. 

" Moreover that your Lordship would be pleased to 
move his Majesty that whereas upon my humble suit 
unto him from Newfoundland for a proportion to be 
granted unto me in Virginia, he was graciously pleased 
to signify by Sir Francis Cottington that I should have 
any part not already granted, that his Majesty would 
give me leave to choose such a part now, and to pass 
it unto me, with the like power and privileges as the 
King his father of happy memory did grant me that 
precinct in Newfoundland, and I shall contribute my 
best endeavors, with the rest of his loyal subjects, to 
enlarge his Empire in that part of the world, by such 
gentlemen and others, as will adventure to join with 
me, though I go not myself in person." 



Baltimore secures a Tract. 47 

Joseph Mead, Chaplaiu of Archbishop Laud, on 
February 12, 1629-30, writes : " Though his Lord- 
ship [Baltimore] is extolling that country to the skies, 
yet he is preparing a bark to send to fetch his Lady 
and servants from thence, because the King will not 
permit him to go back again." 

In October, 1629, Sir Robert Heath, the Attorney 
General of England, obtained a grant of land in America, 
between the degrees of 31 and 36 of north latitude, 
under the name of the " Province of Carolana," and 
two days before Mead wrote, an association of gentle- 
men asked for two degrees of land, to be held under 
Heath, as Lord Paramount, with liberty to appoint 
all officers both civil and ecclesiastical. On April 30, 
1630, the Privy Council ordered, that no aliens should 
be settled in Carolana, without special direction, nor 
any but Protestants.^ 

Lord Baltimore at length, in February, 1631, se- 
cured a tract of land south of James River, and a 
charter was prepared ; but Clayborne, Secretary of Vir- 
ginia, and ex-Governor Francis West, a brother of late 
Lord Delaware, then in London, made such representa- 
tions that it was revoked. Undaunted, he persevered, 
and on the ground that it was not occupied by English 
subjects, obtained a grant for lands, north and east of 
the Potomac.^ The King said, " Let us name it after 



' Sainsbury's State Papers. 
* See Charter. 



48 The Founders of Maryland. 

the Queen. What think you of Mariana ?" Balti- 
more objected, because, that was also the name of the 
Spanish historian, who taught that the will of the peo- 
ple was higher than the law of tyrants. Charles then 
modified the name and said, " Let it be Terra Marise."^ 
At this time, Clayborne had a plantation on the east 
side of the Chesapeake Bay, and trading posts at Kent 
Island and Palmer's Island at the mouth of the Susque- 
hanna, the latter of which he claims to have discovered.^ 

As soon as it was known that Lord Baltimore had 
obtained a patent for the Chesapeake region, on the 
ground that it had not been occupied, the London 
partners of Clayborne and Virginia planters com- 
plained, that the grant was within their limits, cover- 
ing the places of their traffic, and so near to their 
habitations, as will give a general disheartening to the 
planters if they be divided into several governments. 
George Lord Baltimore died on April 9, 1632, and his 
son Cecil succeeded to the title. On the 28th of June, 
1633, both parties were heard, and on the 3d of July 
the Privy Council " for the preventing of further ques- 
tions and differences did order that the planters on 
each side shall have free traffic and commerce, each 
with the other," also that Lord Baltimore should 
be left to his patent, and the others to the course of 
law according to their desire. 

Upon the arrival of Leonard Calvert's expedition at 

' Ayscough MSS, 
" Annapolis MSS. 



Calvert at James River. 49 

the James River, Calvert claimed that Clayborneand 
the people of Kent Island should acknowledge his 
jurisdiction. As the inhabitants had been repre- 
sented in the Virginia Legislature, Clayborne consulted 
the Council of Virginia as to the proper course to pur- 
sue, and they replied " that they knew no reason why 
they should render up the right of the Isle of Kent, 
more than any other formerly given b_y his Majesty's 
patent." Grovernor Calvert forbade his trading in the 
Chesapeake without his license, and under the influ- 
ence of Fleet was made to believe that he was inciting 
the Indians to resistance. 

Clayborne on the 20th of June 1634, held a confer- 
ence with the Chief of the Patuxents in the presence 
of George Calvert the brother of the Governor, Fred- 
erick the brother of Sir John Winter' and others of 
the Maryland Colony, and two prominent Virginians 
John Utie^ and Samuel Mathews.^ After examining 
the Chief, through a sworn interpreter, the whole was 
written out and approved by both Marylanders and 
Virginians. 

' Frederick Winter died before 1638 ; George Calvert lived and died 
in Virginia. 

* Jolin Utye or Utio came to Virginia in 1620 in the ship Francis 
Bona Ventura and was followed in 1631, in the ship Sea Flower by 
Ann his wife, and an infant son. 

2 Samuel Matthews came to Virginia in 1622, in the ship South- 
ampton, and lived at Blunt Point, a little distance above Newports 
News. He was thrifty and intelligent. His wife was tlie daughter 
of Sir Thomas Hinton. He was a type of the early planter, '' lived 
bravely, kept a good house, and was a true lover of Virginia." 
7 



50 The Founders of Maryland. 

The Chief, in his statement, denied that Clayborne 
had prejudiced his tribe against the Marylanders, and 
said that Fleet " was a liar and that if he were present 
he would tell him so to his face."^ 

The explorer of the Delaware River Captain Thomas 
Young, a friend of Lord Baltimore, who was at James- 
town in July, 1634, wrote for Secretary Windebank 
an entirely different version and adds : " This, so far 
as I can learn, is the true state, wherein my Lord of 
Baltimore's Plantation stands with those of Virginia, 
which perhaps may prove dangerous enough for them, 
if there be not some present order taken in England 
for suppressing the insolence of Clayborne and his ac- 
complices, and for disjointing this faction, which is so 
fast linked and united, as I am persuaded will not by 
the Governor be easily dissevered or overruled, with- 
out some strong and powerful addition to his present 
authority, by some new powers from England. And it 
will be to little purpose, for my Lord to proceed in his 
Colony, against which they have so exasperated and 
incensed all the English Colony of Virginia ; as here 
it is accounted a crime almost as heinous as treason to 
favor, nay, to speak well of that colony of my Lord's. 

"And I have observed myself a palpable kind of 
strangeness and distance between those of the best 
sort in the country which have formerly been very 



Streeter's Early Papers. 



The Pocomoke Conflict. 51 

familiar and loving to one another, only because the 
one hath been suspected to have been a well wisher to 
the Plantation of Maryland." ^ 

Of the Council of Virginia but two were friendly to 
the Maryland Colony. Lord Baltimore upon receiving 
intelligence of the position of affairs on the 4th of 
September, instructed Leonard Calvert and his Cora- 
missioners in Maryland, that if Clayborue would not 
acknowledge his patent, to seize and detain him close 
prisoner at Saint Mary, and if they can, " take posses- 
sion of his plantation on the Isle of Kent." 

On October 8tli however, the King wrote from Hamp- 
ton Court, to the Virginia Council and all Lieutenants 
of Provinces in America, requiring " them to be assist- 
ing the planters in Ketish Island, that they may peace- 
ably enjoy the fruits of their labors, and forbids Lord 
Baltimore or his agents to do them any violence." 

It is not strange that orders so contradictory should 
have induced bloodshed. In the spring of 1635, Corn- 
wallis proceeded, as one of the Maryland Commis- 
sioners, to search in the waters of the Chesapeake, for 
Virginians trading without a Maryland license. 

The goods of a trader named Harmon were seized, 
and a pinnace called the Long Tail belonging to Clay- 
borne captured.^ Clayborne sent from Kent Island a 



' Young in Aspinwall Papers. Mass. Hist. Soc. Publications, 4th 
Series, vol. ix. 
* Report of Parliament ('ommittee of the Navy Dec. 31, 1652. 



;-, 



52 The Founders of Maryland. 

boat with Lt. Ratclitf Warren and thirteen others to 
recover his property, and on the 23d of April, in the 
Pocomoke met Commissioner Cornwallis with two 
pinnaces the St. Margaret and St. Helen, when a con- 
flict took place and William Ashmore of the Maryland 
side, and Lt. Warren, John Bellson, and William' 
Dawson of the Virginians were killed. Again on the 
10th of May, in the harhor of Great Wighcomoco, 
^\t Cornwallis niet Thomas Smith of Kent Island who was 
arrested, tried for piracy by the Maryland Assembly, 
and sentenced to be hung. 

When the Virginians learned that their Governor, 
John Harvey, approved of Governor Calvert's course 
towards Clayborne, they were very indignant, and de- 
termined no longer to acknowledge his authority. 

Four days after Warren was killed, a public meeting 
was held at Yorktown at the house of William Warren, 
perhaps a relative. Speaker of the Virginia Assembly, 
to consider the conduct of Harvey. The next day the 
Governor called a meeting of his Council. His friend 
and Secretary of the Colony Richard Kemp writes : 

" The Governor demanded if they had knowledge of 
the people's grievances. Mr, Minitie^ answered that 



' Georfje Minitie arrived in the year 1023, in the sliip Samuel. His 
plantation was between Blunt Point and Jamestown. De Vries visited 
in 1633, the James River and in his journal writes " Arrived at Little- 
town where Menifit lives. He has a jrarden of two acres full of prim- 
roses, apple, pear and cheery trees, the various fruits of Holland, with 
dififerent kinds of sweet smelling herbs, rosemary, sage, marjoram, 



Governor Harvey Arrested. 53 

their chiefest grievance was the uot seuding the answer 
of the hitc As8embl3\ The Governor rising from his 
place replied, 'Do you say so? I arrest you upon sus- 
picion of treason to his Majesty.' Whereupon Captain 
Uty and Captain Mathews both of the Council laid 
hands upon the Governor using these words : ' And 
we, you, upon suspicion of treason to his Majesty.' 
The Council then demanded that he should go to Eng- 
land, to which he reluctantly consented, and on the 
7th of May John West a brother of Lord Delaware 
was chosen acting Governor, and a Committee consist- 
ing of Uty and Peirce were sent to confer with the 
Governor of Maryland. 

A correspondent of Thomas Wentworth, the Earl 
of Strafford, on August 19th, 1635, alludes to this diffi- 
culty, in these words : 

" Sir John Harvey Governor of Virginia being in- 
vited on board of a ship, was suddenly carried away 
and is now brought into England. The company allege 
he was a Marylander, that is, one that favored too much 
ray Lord Baltimore's Plantation, to their prejudice; 
but it is ill taken, that the Company of their own 
authority, should hurry him away in that manner."^ 



thyme. Around the house were planted peach trees wliich were 
hardly in bloom." 

The Dutch Captain says that these were the first peach trees he 
saw in North America. 

' Straflford Papers. 



54 The Founders of Maryland. 

While the examination of Harvey was proceeding in 
Enfi^land, ClayboMie remained in undisturbed posses- 
sion of Kent Island, until 1637, when he went to 
England leaving George Evelyn^ in charge, who ac- 
knowledged the jurisdiction of Maryland, and Clay- 



' The Evelyns and Calverts were of Flemish extraction. Sir John 
Evelyn had a son Robert of Goodstone Surrey who died before 1639, 
whose wife was Susan daughter of Gregory Young of York. George 
and Robert Evelyn were nephews of Capt. Thomas Young who was 
aiithorized on Sept. 22, 1633, by the King to fit out ships, appoint 
officers, and to make discoveries in America. Among the oflScers ap- 
pointed were Robert Evelyn, a surgeon named Scott, and Alexander 
Baker of St. Holborn's parish, Middlesex, described by Young as 
" skillful in mines and trying of metals." 

Stopping at Point Comfort for repairs and supplies, he left there on 
the 20th of July 1634, and on the 24th entered Delaware Bay. Slowly 
ascending the Delaware on the 22d of August he reached the Schuyl- 
kill, and after stopping five days again sailed, and on the 29 th came 
to shoal water below the Falls. 

Early in 1635 Lt. Robert Evelyn returned to England, and in 1637 
appears again in America, and is appointed Surveyor of Virginia. His 
brother George probably came to Maryland at this time. At Piney 
Point on the Potomac George obtained !i grant called the Manor of 
Evelynton and on April 3, 1638, entered lands for the following persons. 
Thomas Hebden, Daniel Wickliff, Randall Revell, 

James Cloughton, Hugh Howard, John Walker, 

Henry Lee, John Wortley, John Richardson, 

John Hill, Wm. Medcalf, Philip West, 

Edmund Parris, Howell Morgan, Matthew Roedlen, 

Roger Baxter, Thomas Orley, Wm. Williamson, 

Thomas Keane, Andrew Baker, John Hatch. 

Samuel Scovell, 

Through the Mynne family the; Evelyns were related to the Calverts. 
Elizabeth Mynne, daughter of George Mynne, a relative of the wife of 
the first Lord Baltimore married a Richard Evelyn, and when she died 
in 1692, left the Manor of Horton, to Charles, 4th Lord Baltimore, 



Clayborne's Isle of Kent, 55 

borue's goods were seized at Palmer's Island/ as well 
as this point. While the Maryland Assembly was 
confiscating his estate, Clayborne was not idle in 
London, and on the 4th of April, 1638, the Commis- 
sioners of Plantations reported the right and title to 
the Isle of Kent to be absolutely with him, and that 
the violence complained of, by him, to be left to the 
courts of justice." 

The following note on the 14th of July was also sent 
to Cecil, Lord Baltimore : " The King understands 
that contrary to his pleasure. Lord Baltimore's agents 
have slain three persons, possessed themselves of the 
island by force, and seized the persons and estates of 



' Among others, the following were taken by Lord Baltimore's 
agents at Palmer's Island. 

Servants. 
Edward GriflBn, William Jones, 

Richard Roymont, William Freeman. 

Books. 
A Statute Book. 
Five or Six Little Books. 
One Great Book of Mr. Perkins. 
The latter may have been one of the volumes sent out from London. 
At a meeting of the Virginia Company on November 15, 1620, as the 
reading of the minutes was finished, "a stranger stepped in" and 
presented a map of Sir Walter Raleigh's, containing a description of 
Guiana, and with the same, four Great Books, as the gift of one who 
desired his name might not be known. Three of these folios were the 
works of Perkins the distinguished divine of Cambridge University. 
The donor desired these books might be sent to the college in Vir- 
ginia, there to remain in safety to the use of the collegiate educators, 
and not suffered at any time to be lent abroad. See History of Vir 
ginia Company, published by Munsell, Albany, page 197. 



56 The Founders of Maryland. 

the plauters. These disorders have been referred to 
the Commissioners for Plantations. He is therefore 
commanded to allow the planters and their agents to 
have free enjoyment of their possessions vrithont further 
trouble, until the cause is decided." 

In the year 1644, betv^een October and Christmas, 
with a party of men from Chicacoan in Virginia, Clay- 
borne took possession of Kent Isle but did not remain, 
and in 1646 came again with forty persons under a 
commission from Governor Berkeley of Virginia, but 
in the next year was compelled to retire. 

During these troubles Sir Edmund Plowden, who 
as early as July 1632, had obtained a patent for Long 
Isle, and forty leagues between 39 and 40 degrees of 
north latitude was visiting Virginia and Maryland, and 
in the "Description of the Province of New Albion," 
published in 1648, speaks of " Captain Claiborne, 
heretofore Secretary now Treasurer of Virginia," and 
adds: 

" Now Kent Isle, was with many households of 
English, by Captain Clayborn before seated, and be- 
cause his Majesty by his privy signet shortly after 
declared that it was not his intention to grant any 
lands before seated and habited, and for that, it lyeth 
by the Maryland printed card, clear northward, within 
Albion and not in Maryland, and not only late Sea- 
men, but old depositions in Clayborn's hand shows it 
to be out of Maryland, and for that Albion's privy 



Baltimore's Officers Removed. 57 

signet is elder and before Maryland patent, Clayborn 
by force entered and thrust Master Calvert out of 
Kent."» 

In 1640, we find that Clayborne had returned to 
America, and on the 20th of June petitioned the Vir- 
ginia authorities for 3000 acres of land at the town of 
Patomack where in 1622 the English had built a fort, 
which was on the Virginia side of the Potomac, a few 
miles from Potopaco, Maryland. 

The beheading of King Charles by the Parliament 
of England led to a compromise with the Virginians. 
In 1652 William Clayborne and Richard Bennett as 
Commissioners of Parliament removed Lord Balti- 
more's officers in Maryland and appointed others, in 
the name of the keepers of the liberty of England. 
For five years he performed the duties of Commis- 
sioner, and after this period lived at the junction of the 
York and Pamunkey on the site of the Indian village 
Caudayack, now called West Point. In Herrman's 
Map prepared for Lord Baltimore, and published in 
1673, the neck of land is called Clayborne. After the 



' In 1632 Plowden and others petitioned for Long Isle or Isle Plow- 
den, and other isles between 39th and 40th degree of north latitude, 
with 40 leagues square of adjoining continent to be granted " a County 
Palatine or body politic by the name of New Albion." The King, on 
the 24th of July, ordered the letters patent to be granted. See Straf- 
ford's Letters, vol. I, pp. 72, 73. In Hazard's Annals of Pennsylvania 
there is a deposition that Sir Edmund Plowden, residing in Virginia 
in 1643, bought of Philip White of Kiquotan, the half of a bark. He 
returned to England, was imprisoned for debt and died A.D. 1655. 




58 The Founders of Maryland. 

restoration of Charles the Second, he was again hon- 
ored with the Secretaryship of Virginia, which he had 
first held about forty years before, and in 1666 was 
chosen a member of the legislature. The time of his 
death has not been ascertained. His son Thomas was 
killed by the Indians, and his tombstone a few years 
ago was visible. The Quaker preacher, Thomas 
Story, speaks of visiting, in 1699, William Clayborne 
of Parnunkey Neck, who was probably another son of 
the old Virginia Secretary, and Parliament Comrais- 





S 


1 


'^K^^i^^s 


^M^ 


^^^ 


^3 


^^^ 



EMBARCATION OF MARYLAND COLONTSTS. 



W E are now prepared to notice the pioneers of Lord 
Baltimore's Plantation in Maryland. It has been al 
ready stated, that the Privy Council, after hearing the 
arguments of the Virginia planters, ordered, on July 
3d, 1633, that Lord Baltimore should be left to his 
patent, and the Virginians " to the course of law, ac- 
cording to their desire." A number of friends joined 
with Cecil Lord Baltimore, in fitting out an expedition 
On the 3l8t of the same month, in which the decision 
of the Council was announced, the following order 
was issued by that body. 

" "Whereas the good ship called the Ark of Maryland 
of the burthen of about 350 tons, whereof one Lowe 
is Master, is set forth by our very good Lord, the Lord 
Baltimore for his Lordship's plantation at Maryland in 
America and manned with about 40 men. Forasmuch 
as his Lordship hath desired, that the men belonging 
to his said ship, may be free from press or interruption, 
these are to will and require you, to forbear to take 
up, or press any, the officers, seamen, mariners or 
others belonging to his Lordship's said ship either in 
her voyage to Maryland, or in her return for England, 



60 The Founders of Maryland. 

and that you permit and suffer her quietly to pass and 
return without any let or hindrance, stay or interruption 
whatsoever."^ A pinnace of twenty tons, commanded 
by Captain Winter, called The Dove, accompanied 
the Ark. 

On the 19th of October, Coke the Secretary of State,^ 
informed Admiral Penington " that the Ark, Richard 
Lowe^ Master, carrjnng men for Lord Baltimore to 
his new plantation in or about New England, had sailed 
from Gravesend contrary to orders, the company in 
charge of Capt. Winter* not having taken the oath of 
allegiance,"^ and directed him to have the expedition 



' Copied from original in British Public Record Office. 

' Sainsbury's State Papers. 

' In the M'd Assembly of 1638 was Richard Loe probably the same 
person. He died in 1639 and John Lewger, the first Secretary of the 
Province, was his executor. He bequeathed to Lewger's wife, " a satin 
petticoat." See Annapolis MSS. 

* A Capt. Robert Winter was in the Assembly of 1638. On Janu- 
ary 13, 1637-38, he ti-ansported tlie following servants, Richard Browne, 
Arthur Webb, John Speed, Bartholomew Phillips, Thomas White, 
Rowland Morgan, George Tailor, aged 15 years. Before September 
1638 he died. See Annapolis MSS. 

* Pope Pius the Fifth had freed English subjects, from allegiance 
to the Sovereign of England. After the Gun Powder Plot the Oath 
of Allegiance was required of all persons sailing to English colonies. 
It begins as follows. 

" I A B do truly and sincerely acknowledge, profess, 

testify, and declare in my conscience before God and the World, that 
our Sovereign Lord King James is lawful and righteous King of this 
realm, and all other his Majesty's dominions and countries, and that 
the Pope, neither of himself, nor by any authority by the Church or 
See of Rome, or by any other means with any other, hath any power 
or authority to depose the King, or to dispose of any of his Majesty's 



Oath of Allegiance. 61 

brought back. After the vessels were again anchored, 
near Gravesend. they were visited by Edward Watkins 
the London Searcher, who reported to the Privy 
Council as follows: "According to your Lordship's 
order of the 25th day of this instant month of October, 
I have been at Tillbury Hope where I found a ship 
and pinnace belonging to the Right Honorable Cecil 
Lord Baltimore where I offered the oath of allegiance 
to all and every the persons aboard, to the number of 
about 128, who took the same, and inquiring of the 
Master of the Ship whether any more persons were to 
go the said voyage, he answered that some few others 
were shipped who had forsaken the ship and given 
over the voyage, by reason of the stay of said ships. "^ 
The vessels after they left the Thames stopped at 
the Isle of Wight, where the Jesuit Father White, and 
others who had forsaken the ship, were probably re- 
ceived. On the 22d of November they sailed from 
this Isle. Father White writes: "Yet we were not 
without apprehension, for the sailors were murmuring 
among themselves, saying that they were expecting a 



kingdoms or dominions," etc. Another clause reads : " Also I do 
swear from my heart, that notwithstanding' any declaration or sentence 
of excommunication, or deprivation made or granted by the Pope or 
his successors **-»***! will bear faith and true allegiance to his 
Majesty," etc. Again " And I do believe, and in conscience am resolv- 
ed, that neither the Pope, nor any person whatsoever, hath power to 
absolve me of this oath," etc. 

' Copy, from original, in British Public Record Office. 



62 The Founders of Maryland. 

messenger with letters from London, and from this it 
seemed as if they were ever contriving to delay us." 

After the ships had been at sea several weeks, Cecil 
Lord Baltimore wrote to his deceased father's intimate 
friend, Wentworth, known in history as Earl of 
Strafford, the following account of the difficulties of 
sending out the first ships to his Plantation : 

" After many difficulties since your Lordship's de- 
parture from hence, in the proceedings of my Planta- 
tion wherein I felt your Lordship's absence, I have at 
last sent away my ships, and have deferred my going 
till another time, and indeed my Lord, my ships are 
gone; after having been so many ways troubled by 
my adversaries, after they had endeavored to over- 
throw my business at the Council Board, after they 
had informed by several means some of the Lords of 
the Council that I intended to carry over nuns into 
Spain, and soldiers to serve that King, which I believe 
your Lordship will laugh at, as well they did, after 
they had gotten Mr. Attorney General to make an in- 
formation in the Star-Chamber that my ships were 
departed from Gravesend without any cockets from 
the Custom House, and in contempt of all authority, 
my people abusing the King's officers, and refusing to 
take the oath of allegiance ; whereupon their Lord- 
ships sent piesent order to several captains of the 
King's ships who lay in the Downs, to sea!ch for my 
ships in the river, and to follow them into the narrow 



Second Lord Baltimore. 63 

seas, if they were gone out, and to bring them back to 
Gravesend, which they did, and all this done before I 
knew anything of it, but imagined all the while that 
my ships were well advanced on their voyage; but 
not to trouble your Lordship with too many circum- 
stances, I, as soon as I had notice of it, made it plainly 
appear unto their Lordships, that Mr. Attorney was 
abused and misinformed, and that there was not any 
just cause of complaint in any of the former accusa- 
tions, and that every one of them was most notoriously 
and maliciously false, whereupon they were pleased to 
restore my ships to their former liberty. 

" After they had likewise corrupted and seduced my 
mariners, and defamed the business all they could by 
their scandalous reports, I have as I said, at last, by 
the help of some of your Lordship's good friends and 
mine, overcome these diificulties, and sent a hopeful 
colony into Maryland with a fair and probable expecta- 
tion of good success, however without any danger of 
any great prejudice unto myself, in respect that others 
are joined with me in the adventure. There are two 
of my brothers gone, with very near twenty other gen- 
tlemen of very good fashion, and three hundred labor- 
ing men well provided in all things."^ 

The following were the few persons above the con- 
dition of laboring men : 



Strafford's Letters. 



64 The Founders of Maryland. 

Leonard Calvert, Governor. Frederick Winter. 

Thomas Cornwallis, Commissioner. John Saunders. 
Jerome Hawley, '' Thomas Dorrell. 

Andrew White, Priest. Edward Craufield. 

John Altham,alia8Gravener, Priest. Capt. John Hill. 
George Calvert, Baltimore's brother. Henry Green. 
Justinian Snow, Factor. John Medcalf. 

Henry Wiseman. Mcholas Fairfax. 

Richard Gerard. William Saire. 

Edward Winter. John Baxter. 

Fairfax and others died before they reached their 
destination, others survived but a little while after 
landing, and some left the Plantation. 

Saunders, the partner of Cornwallis in business, died 
soon after arrival in Maryland, the brothers of Sir 
John Winter lived but two or three years,^ George 
Calvert went to Virginia and was in sympathy with 
Clayborne, and died before the year 1653,^ Richard 
Gerard who was about twenty years of age when he 
landed at St. Mary, remained in America about one 
year. During the civil war in England he adhered to 
the King and was Governor of Denbigh Castle. After 
the restoration of monarchy, he was made one of the 
cup bearers of Charles the Second.^ 

' Annapolis MSS. 

■^ In the statement of Lord Baltimore's Case, published in London 
in 1653, it is stated, that both of his brothers, Leonard and George 
Calvert, had died in America. 

' Foster's Lancasliire. 




GOVERN-QR LEONARD CALVERT. 



X HE Government of the Plantation was entrusted by 
Cecil, Lord Baltimore, to his brother Leonard Calvert 
as Deputy, with two commissioners, Thomas Corn wallis 
and Jerome Hawley, as friends and advisers. 

Leonard Calvert was the second son of George Cal- 
vert the first Lord Baltimore, born about A.D., 1606, 
and thus twenty-eight years of age at the time of his 
landing at Saint Mary. In early life he had lived in 
Ireland, and in the spring of 1629 under a letter of 
marque, sailed in the ship St. Claude for Newfound- 
land, and it was in this ship probably, that his father 
and family went to Virginia, in the autumn of that 
year.^ 

His life as Governor of Maryland was not distiu- 
guished for boldness and originality, and his relative 
George Evelyn the Commander of Kent Island once 
sneeringly said, " Who was his grandfather but a gra- 
zier? what was his father? what was Leonard Cal- 
vert himself at school but a dunce and a blockhead."^ 

He appears to have been greatly under the influence 
of Margaret Brent, a strong-minded woman, who on 

' See Page 42. 

' Streeter's Evelyn. 

9 



66 The Founders of Maryland. 

November 22, 1638, arrived iu Maryland with her sister 
Mar}^, and brothers Fulk and Giles. 

Cecil Lord Baltimore, in 1639 was so poor, that he 
and his wife and children were obliged to live at the 
house of his father-in-law, Earl Arundel,^ and his 
brother Leonard, when he died on the 9th of June 
1647, was far from rich. 

His successor as the head of the Province, Thomas 
Green, has left on record an interesting statement of 
the last events of his life. About six hours before he 
expired, in Green's presence he said to Margaret Brent, 
" I make you my sole executor. Take all, and pay all." 
After these words he desired all to leave the room, 
but Margaret with whom he had private conference. 
When Green was again invited to his bed-side, he 
heard him say " I give ray wearing clothes to James 
Lindsay and Richard William my servants, specifying 
his cloth suit to Richard William, and his black suit 
to James Lindsay, and his wearing linen to be divided 
between them. I give my colt to my godson Leonard 
Green," and also requested that the iirst mare colt that 
should fall, be given to Mrs. Temperance Pypott of 
Virginia."^ 

Under this nuncupative will, Margaret Brent claimed 
and held the house in which Governor Calvert resided. 



Brace's State Papers. 
Annapolis Manuscripts. 



Leonard Calvert's Will. 67 

Recognized by the Maryland Assembly of 1648, as 
the attorney of Governor Calvert, she demanded a vote 
in that body, against which Governor Green protested. 
With masculine vigor, she then claimed to be the 
representative of the Lord Proprietary, and, in turn, 
protested against all the acts of the Assembly. 

Lord Baltimore was displeased at her position and 
wrote " bitter invectives," but the Assembly of 1649, 
defended her, with a gallantry worthy of the courtiers 
of Queen Elizabeth. They stated to the Proprietary 
in England: "As for Mistress Brent's undertaking, 
and meddhng with your estate, we do verily believe, 
and in conscience report, that it was better for the 
colony's safety, at that time, in her hands, than in any 
man's else,^ in the whole Province, after your brother's 
death ; for the soldiers would never have treated any 
other with that civility and respect, and though they 
was ever ready at several times to run into mutiny 
yet she still pacified them, till at last things were 
brought to that strait, that she must be admitted and 
declared your Lordship's attorney, by order of Court." 
In the early records, there is a notice of this lady 
journeying, in May, 1643, 1o the Isle of Kent, ac- 
companied by Anne a lame maid servant of Sir Ed- 
mund Plowden. Until late in life, the Attorney of 



' The expression " any man's else " may be a slip of the pen, not a 
pun. 



68 The Founders of Maryland. 

Leonard Calvert retained her powers of fascination. 
When fifty-seven years old, in 1658, she states to the 
Provincial Court, " that Thomas White lately deceased 
out of the tender love and affection he bore unto the 
petitioner, intended if he had lived to have married 
her, and did by his last will give unto the said peti 
tioner his whole estate which he was possessed of in 
his life time."^ Three years after this, she was alive, 
but the precise date of the death of Leonard Calvert's 
best friend, has not been ascertained. 



Annapolis Manuscripts. 



THOMAS CORNWALLIS, COMMISSIONER. 



Commissioner Thomas Comwallis was the 
most prominent of the founders of Maryland, In 
mental endowments, well known ancestry, and 
worldly goods, he had no superior. 

His grandfather was Sir Charles Cornwallis,^ distin- 



'CORNWALLIS PEDIGREE. 

Sir Thomas Coenwallis, Kt. Comptroller of the Houseliold 
of Queen Mary. Married Anne daughter of Sir John Jer- 
ningham. Died 1604. Had two sons, and three daughters. 



Sir William. Sir Charles. Knighted by King James and 

Ambassador to Spain. Married Elizabeth dau. 
of Thomas Fincham, Esq. Had two sons. 



Sir William, Kt., married 
Catharine daughter of Sir Philip 
Parker of Erwarton, Suffolk. Had 
six sons and five daughters. 



Thomas, married Anne dau. of 
Samuel Bevercott of Ordsallnear 
Scrooby, and probably sister of 
Sam'l the postmaster of Scrooby, 
before>William Brewster who be- 
came the head of the first Puri- 
tan colony in America. 



Thomas, 2d son, Com'r of 
Maryland. 

A brother of the Maryland Commissioner was Rector of a Suffolk 
Parish, and on a brass tablet in the church is a Latin inscription which 
translated reads : 

" Here are placed the remains of the holy man Philip Corn waleys, 
former Rector of this Church, youngest son of William Cornwaleys, 
Knight. Died Dec. 30, 1688." 

In the grave yard there is a stone in memory of " Frances wife of 
Samuel Richardson, Clerk, daughter of Thomas Cornwallis Esq., died 
June 24, 1684," who was probably the aunt of the Maryland Com- 
missioner. 



70 The Founders of Maryland. 

guished as the English Ambassador at the court of 
Spain, and subsequently as the Treasurer of King 
James' son, Henry, Prince of Wales. In 1614, he fell 
under the displeasure of the King, because he sympa- 
thized with certain members of Parliament, who were 
opposed to the marriage of Prince Charles with a 
daughter of the King of France, and the suppression 
of faithful Puritan ministers. 

His father Sir William, K't, was noted for his literary 
tastes, and printed essays. The Commissioner was 
born in 1603, and was thirty-one years of age, when 
he landed on the shores of the Potomac. 

In 1635, he commanded the expedition against the 
Virginians, trading in the Chesapeake.^ 

After Evelyn became Commander of Kent Island, 
on Dec. 3d, 1637, he was licensed to trade with the 
Indians, and shipped in the pinnace St. Thomas for 
that island, axes, and other articles in the name of his 
fellow commissioner Jerome Hawley. 

The Charter of Maryland conferred monarchical 
power upon the Proprietary. It authorized him to 
prepare laws, and submit them to any legislature con- 
vened, and dissolved at his pleasure. In 1637, Lord 
Baltimore instructed Governor Calvert to call a legis- 
lature, and present a code of laws sent out from Eng- 
land, for their acceptance. In January, 1638, the 
Assembly convened pursuant to notice. The Governor, 

' See page 51. 



Monarchical Powers. 71 

and Secretary Lewger/ although but few members 
were present, desired that the laws prepared by the 
Proprietary should be assented to after a single 
read'ug, to which Cornwallis objected. The Governor 
continued to press the question, but when the vote 
was taken, a large majority refused, at that time, to 
accept the laws. After a brief adjournment, the as- 
sembly met in February, and the delegates then re- 
solved that all laws should be read three times on three 
several days, before a vote should be taken, and they 
also expressed a wish that all bills might emanate 
from their own committee. Governor Calvert, restive 
at the independence of the members, again proposed to 
adjourn, which Cornwallis described in a pamphlet of 
the day as " that noble, right vahant, and politic sol- 



' Wood in Athenm Oxonieiisis states that John Lewger, the first 
Secretary of theProvince was born in London 1603 and took the degree 
ofA.B. in 1619 at Trinity College, Oxford, and in 1632 was made 
A.M. Became a Bachelor of Divinity on the same day as Phil. Nye, 
the prominent member of the Westminster Assembly of Divines. In 
1632 he was a Rector of the Church of England in Essex, but under 
the influence of Chillingwortli became a Roman Catholic, and soon 
after, Chillingwortli renounced the Church of Rome and wrote a book 
in which he states : " The Bible, and that only, is the religion of Pro- 
testants, and every one by making use of the helps and assistances 
that God has placed in his hands, must learn that, and understand it 
for himself, as well as he can." 

Lewger after joining the Roman Church was appointed by his 
college classmate Cecil, Lord Baltimore, Secretary of Maryland and in 
November 1637 arrived with his wife, and son John aged nine years, 
Martha Williamson a maid servant, and several others. 

The Annapolis Records mention Cicely and Elizabeth Lewger who 
were probably born in the Province. The wife of the Secretary died 



72 The Founders of Maryland. 

dier" opposed, and said "that they could not spend 
their time in any business better than this for the 
country's good." 

The Governor replied that he would be accountable 
to no naan, and adjourned the Assembly until the 5th 
of March. The freemen then convened and after pass- 
ing such Acts as they approved, on the 19th, the As- 
sembly was dissolved. 

Lord Baltimore now receded from his arbitrary po- 
sition, and told his brother that he would assent to all 
laws enacted by the Provincial legislature, not contrary 
to the laws of England, subject to the iinal approval 
of the Proprietary. 

The next legislature convened in February 1639, 
and enacted the law of England " that Holy Church 
shall have and enjoy all her rights, liberties and fran- 



in a few years, and soon after tlie civil war broke out under Ingle he 
went back to England and never returned. Being a widower he entered 
the priesthood and lived at Lord Baltimore's house in London. Ben- 
jamin Denham, the Earl of Winchester's Chaplain in 16G7 writes: 
" All that is treated of in the Privy Council about Roman Catholics is 
discovered to Lord Brudenell, and Lord Baltimore, Governor of Mary- 
land, whose Chaplain, an English recusant, now a Romish priest, was 
one of the vice-gerents there in Charles the First's time." — 
OreetVs State Fapers. He died about this period. 

John Lewger Jr. remained in the Province, and when twenty years 
of age, acted as temporary clerk of the Assembly of 1647^8. By pro- 
fession he was a Surveyor. On August 28th, 1650, he secured the house 
which had been his Father's at Saint Mary. In his will dated Nov. 
6, 1669, he alludes to his " loving wife Martha," his sons William and 
John, and gives his daughter Elizabeth " his cow Muley." — See 
Annapolis Manuscripts. 



The Cornwallis Mansion. 73 

chises wholly and without blemish " which Church 
under the charter, was the Church of England. 

Soon after Cornwallis had finished a substantial 
brick house, the best in the colony, in 1640, he visited 
England, and in December, 1641, returned to Mary- 
land, in a ship, commanded by Captain Richard Ingle, 
and took his seat in the legislature which in March, 
1642, was convened. 

The very first step of this Assembly was to declare 
that it could not be adjourned without its consent, 
another advance in the direction of republicanism. 

The next year an order was issued to the Colonial 
Surveyor " to lay out 4000 acres of land in any part of 
Patowmack river upward of Port Tobacco creek, for 
Capt. Cornwaleys." 

Owing to an order for reorganization of the govern- 
ment received from Lord Baltimore, Governor Calvert 
convened an Assembly on the 5th of September 1642. 
Under the reconstruction, Cornwallis was designated 
as a Councillor but " he absolutely refused to take the 
oath of a Councillor according to the requirements of 
the last commission." 

In the spring of 1643, Leonard Calvert sailed for 
England and Giles Brent became acting Governor, who 
commissioned Cornwallis to lead an expedition against 
the Susquehanna Indians. The author of Nova Al- 
bion writes, that with fifty-three " raw and tired 
10 



74 The Founders of Maryland. 

Marylanders" he met two hundred and fifty Indians 
and killed twenty-nine. 

In November 1643, a London ship commanded by 
Richard Ingle sailed for America. Upon its arrival 
at Saint Mary, by virtue of a commission granted by 
Charles the First, acting Governor Brent captured the 
vessel, Ingle escaping, and tendered the crew an oath 
against Parliament. In January 1644, he summoned 
Ingle to yield his body to the Sheriff of Saint Mary 
County to answer for treason against his Majesty, but 
he did not appear, and left the Province. 

When the war between the King and Parliament 
commenced, Cornwallis was living with more comfort 
and elegance than any one in Maryland. In his own 
language: "By God's blessing upon his endeavors, 
he had acquired a settled and comfortable subsistence 
having a comfortable dwelling house furnished with 
plate, linen hangings, bedding, brass, pewter, and all 
manner of household stuff, worth at least a thousaud 
pounds, about twenty servants, at least a hundred 
breed cattle, a great stock of swine and goats, some 
sheep and horses, a new pinnace about twenty tons, 
well rigged and fitted, besides a new shallop and other 
small boats." 

Appointing Cuthbert Fenwick his agent he sailed 
for England in April, 1644, where he found his cousin 
Sir Frederick Cornwallis one of the best friends 
of King Charles, and Governor Leonard Calvert who 



Ingle's Petition. 75 

did not return to Maryland until the following Sep- 
tember. 

Ingle, smarting under the seizure of his ship, was 
commissioned by Parliament, to cruise in the waters of 
the Chesapeake, against malignants as the friends of 
the King were called, and in February 1645, appearep 
in the ship Reformatioo, near St. Inigo creek, when 
there was an uprising in favor of Parliament, in 
which all the servants of Cornwallis participated, ex- 
cept some negroes and a tailor named Eichard Hervey- • 
Fenwick, his agent, was taken aboard Ingle's ship, and 
a party led by John Sturraan, his son Thomas, and 
"William Hardwick took possession of the mansion, 
burned the fences, killed the swine, took the cattle, 
wrenched off the locks from the doors, and damaged 
his estate to the amount of two or three thousand 
pounds. When Ingle returned to England with Father 
White the Jesuit as a prisoner, Cornwallis, who was 
there, instituted a suit against him, which called forth 
in February, 1646, the following memorial to the 
Lords in Parliament assembled. 

" The humble petition of Richard Ingle, showing 
That whereas the petitioner, having taken the cove- 
nant, and going out with letters of marque, as Cap- 
tain of the ship the Reformation, of London, and 
sailing to Maryland, where, finding the Governor of 
that Province to have received a commission from 
Oxford to seize upon all ships belonging to London, 



76 The Founders of Maryland. 

and to execute a tyrannical power against the Protest- 
ants, and such as adhered to the Parhament, and to 
press wicked oaths upon them, and to endeavor their 
extirpation, the petitioner, conceiving himself, not 
only by his warrant, but in his fidelity to the Parlia- 
ment, to be conscientiously obliged to come to their 
assistance, did venture his life and fortune in landing 
his men and assisting the said well affected Protest- 
ants against the said tyrannical government and the 
Papists and malignants. It pleased God to enable 
him to take divers places from them, and to make 
him a support to the said well affected. But since his 
return to England, 'the said Papists and malignants, 
conspiring together, have brought fictitious acts 
against him, at the common law, in the name of 
Thomas Cornwallis and others, for pretended trespass 
in taking away their goods, in the parish of St. Chris- 
topher's, London, which are the very goods that were 
by force of war justly and lawfully taken from these 
wicked Papists and malignants in Maryland, and with 
which he relieved the poor distressed Protestants there, 
who otherwise must have starved, and been rooted out. 
" Now, forasmuch as your Lordships in Parliament 
of State, by the order annexed, were pleased to direct 
an ordinance to be framed for the settlement of the 
said province of Maryland, under the Committee of 
Plantations, and for the indemnity of the actors in it, 
and for that such false and feigned actions for matters 



CoRNWALLis Servants. 77 

of war acted in foreign parts, are not tryable at common 
law, but, if at all, before the Court and Marshall ; and 
for that it would be a dangerous example to permit 
Papists and malignants to bring actions of trespass or 
otherwise against the well affected for fighting and 
standing for the Parliament : 

*' The petitioner most humbly beseecheth your Lord- 
ships to be pleased to direct that this business may be 
heard before your Lordships at the bar, or to refer it 
to a committee to report the true state of the case, and 
to order that the said suits against the petitioner at the 
common law may be staid, and no further proceeded in." 

For eight years Cornwallis attended to business in 
London, and in 1652 returned to Maryland, now under 
the control of the friends of Parliament, to demand com- 
pensation for injuries done by certain persons to his 
property, during the Ingle revolution. To secure the 
amount of land due to him, for the transportation of 
servants, the following memorandum was filed. 

SERVANTS BROUGHT A.D. 1634, 

Twelve in the Ark, besides five more received by 
the death of his partner, John Saunders. 

The same year brought from Virginia 
Cuthbert Fenwick.^ John Norton, Sr.' 

Christopher Martin .^ John Norton, Jr. 



Member of Assembly 1638, and other years. 
' A tailorj; Assemblyman in 1638. 
' Assemblyman in 1638. 



78 The Founders of Maryland. 

A.D. 1G35. 
Zachary MottcrBliciid.* Walter Waterliiig.^ 

John Gage,^ Francis Van Eyden. 

A.D. 1G3G. 
Jolm Cook. Ivicliard llill. 

Tlio. York, killed at Nantioke. licstitutia Tiic.^ 
Daniel Clockcr.^ 

A.D. 1637. 



Charles Maynard. 
Stephen Gray. 
Francis Shirley. 

NichohiH Gwyther." 
Edmund Jaqucs. 
Kichard Farmer. 
Edmund Decring. 
George, a tailor. 

William Durford. 
Henry Brooke. 
George, a Smith. 



Ann Wiggin. 
Alice Moreman.^ 



A. D. 1639. 



William Freak. 
Morris Freeman. 
Jeremiah Coote, 
Martha Jackson. 



A.D. 1640. 



Edward Matthews. 
IlaniKih Ford. 



1 ABserablynian in 1G38. 
'Signer of Protostivnt Declaration in 1G48. 
'Married in 1039 to Jolm Ilollis. 

* Married in ICJiO to Francin Uray, carpenter, who was in Assem- 
bly, or 1G38. 
" Slieriff of St. Mary County. 



CoRNWALLis Servants. 
A.D. 1641. 



79 



Francis Anthill. 
Richard Harvey.^ 
Charles Rawiiiison. 
Richard Harris. 
Thomas Harrison. 

Thomas Rockwood. 
John Rockwood. 

Magdalene Wittle. 



A.D. 1642. 

A.D. 1646. 
A.D. 1651. 



Edward Ward. 
Robert King. 
Mary Phillips. 
John Wheatley. 
Wheatley's wife. 

Elizabeth Batte. 



Robert Curtis. John Maylande. 

William Sinckleare. John Eston. 

Thomas Frisell. Sarah Lindle. 
William Wells. 

In another memorandum he mentions the follow- 
ing persons : 

A.D. 1633-34. 

John Hallowes. Roger Walter. 

John Holden. Roger Morgan. 

Josias, drowned. 

A.D. 1635. 

William Pen shoot. Richard Brown. 

Richard Cole. Richard Brock. 

John Medley.^ 

In a memorial to the Assembly of Maryland Corn- 



A tailor. 
' In Legislature A.D., 1G47. 



80 The Founders of Maryland. 

wallis uses this language: " It is well known, he 
hath at his great cost and charges, from the first plant- 
ing of this Province for the space of twenty-eight years, 
been one of the greatest propagators and increasers 
thereof, by the yearly transportation of servants, 
whereof divers have been of very good rank and 
quality, towards whom and the rest he hath always 
been so careful to discharge a good conscience, in the 
true performance of his promise and obligations, that 
he was never taxed with any breach thereof, though it 
is also well known and he doth truly aver it, that the 
charge of so great a family, as he hath always main- 
tained was never defrayed by their labor."^ 

He appears now to be making arrangements for 
building on the point of the Potomac, above Potopaco. 
A contract was made on November 23, 1652, with 
Cornelius Canada brickmaker, and former servant of 
Governor Green, to deliver thirty-six thousand sound, 
well burned bricks, before a certain day in June, 
1653, and another twenty-four thousand before the 
24th of June, 1654.2 

In 1654, he again visited England, and before he re- 
turned, was married to a young maiden, Penelope, 
daughter of John Wiseman of Middle Temple, and 
Tyrrels, in county Essex.^ The marriage probably 

' Annapolis Manuscripts. 

^Private Correspondence of Jane, Lady Comwallis, 1613-1664. 
London, 1842. 



CoRNWALLis Posterity. 81 

took place in 1657, his wife at that time being twenty- 
one years of age. 

In 1658 he appears in Maryland with his young wife, 
and early in 1659, left, never to return. His affairs in 
the Province, were entrusted to an attorney, and he 
began to be designated as a " merchant of London." 

In ITorfolk: County, England, there is a place called 
Maryland Point, named by a retired American mer- 
chant who built a house there, and that person is sup- 
posed to have been Thomas Cornwallis of Burnham 
Thorpe, the best and wisest of the founders of Mary- 
land. He died in 1676 at the age of seventy-two, 
leaving a widow forty years of age, by whom he had 
four sons and six daughters. 

His second son Thomas born in 1662, just after his 
mother's return from Maryland, was a clergyman of 
the Church of England, and died in 1731, Rector of a 
parish in Suffolk. 

A son of the Suffolk Reetor, William, born in 1708, 
also became a clergyman and died in 1746, Rector of 
Chelmondester, Suffolk. 

William's son, William, born in 1751, followed in 
the footsteps of his father and grandfiither and became 
Rector of Wittershamand Elam, Kent. His wife Mary 
was a woman of piety and culture, and published 
" Observations on the canonical Scriptures," the last 
edition of which was published in 1828, in four volumes. 

His daughter Caroline Frances, was a Greek and 
11 



82 The Founders of Maryland. 

Hebrew scholar, poetess, brilliant writer, and friend of 
Sismondi. She wrote the article on Wycllffe and his 
Times, in the Westminster Review of July 1854, and 
on the Capabilities a7id Disabilities of Woman, in January 
1857, and was the authoress of Pericles, a tale of Athens, 
a Pj'ize Essay on Juvenile Delinquency, and a series of 
valuable works on physiology, Greek philosophy, and 
the development of Christian doctrine and practice, 
published as Smcdl Books on Great Subjects} 

She died unmarried in 1858, the last descendant of 
Thomas, the second son of the prudent Commissioner 
of Maryland. 



Letters of Caroline Frances Cormoallis, London, 18G4. 



JEROME HAWLEY, COMMISSIONER. 



Jerome Ilawley was the joint commissioner 
with Cornwallis, in settling the Province of Maryland. 
He was the son of James Ilawley of Brentford near 
London, and seems when a young man to have had 
some connection with the trial of the dissolute wife of 
the Earl of Somerset, for conspiring to poison the poet 
Sir Thomas Overbury, the nephew of the person after 
whom Palmer's Island, in the Susquehanna, was named. 
Among the British State Papers, there is an order to 
the commissioners in the Overbury Case, from King 
James, dated November 25, 1615, directing that "Jerome 
son of James Ilawley now close prisoner in the Gate 
House, be released, on condition of his not going 
farther than his father's house at Brentford.^ 

About this time, Jerome Hawley reported that Sir 
John Leeds and wife declared, that the King " was 
unwieldy, could not unlock a door, but might jump 
out of the window," and Lady Leeds further said, she 
would speak treason, because the King said " most 
women were atheists or papists.*'^ 



Green State Papers. * Green State Papers. 



84 The Founders of Maryland. 

After the accession of Charles the First to the throne, 
he was one of the sewers or superintendent of the ban- 
quets of Queen Henrietta Maria. 

His brother Henry, by the influence of the Puritan 
Earl of Warwick, became Governor of Barbadoes in 
1636, and while he was visiting England in 1638 
another brother, William, acted as Deputy.^ 

After Cornwallis killed some of the Virginians in 
Maryland waters, Jerome Hawley immediately sailed 
for England to defend the action of his fellow com- 
missioner, and in June 1635 arrived in London, and 
appeared before the Privy Council. He remained there 
for a long period, and on the 27th of June 1636, pro- 
posed to meet the King at Court, on the next Sunday, 
to make some proposals relative to the tobacco trade, 
and on the 4th of August, an order was issued to the 
Governor and Council ofVirginia,that all tobacco should 
be consigned to London in English ships, and duly 
inspected. Early the next year, Jerome Hawley was 
appointed to receive the annual rent of twelve pence, 
upon every fifty acres of land granted in Virginia, and 
was made Treasurer of the Colony. Arriving at 
Jamestown he took the oath of allegiance, and entered 
upon his duties. 

On February 26, 1638, one George Reade writes to 
his brother, a clerk of Secretary Windebank : " Mr. 



Sainsbury Papers. 



James Hawlet's Letter. 85 

Hawley has not proved the man he took him for, hav- 
ing neither given any satisfaction for money, received 
of him, nor brought him any servants." 

In the summer of 1638 Treasurer Hawley died, and 
Thomas Cornvvallis was the administrator of his estate. 
From the account of administration rendered on April 
20, 1639, it is evident that Hawley was poor. His 
brother William, removed from Barbadoes, and in 
1650, was one of the signers of the Protestant Declara- 
tion. The following letter of James, another brother 
of Jerome living at Brentford has been preserved,^ 
addressed to Captain William Hawley. 

" Loving Brother : I received lately a letter from 
you dated the 26th of February last, by which, to un- 
derstand of your good health doth much gladden me. 
As concerning your intent for Maryland I do like well 
of it, and do herewith send you the copy of writings 
betwixt my brother Jerome deceased, and myself from 
which will appear a large sum of money to be due unto 
me, from him, which by virtue of my power of attorney, 
I do authorize you to receive in my behalf. 

" Upon the decease of my brother Jerome, one Corn- 
wallis did seize upon his estate, pretending that he was 
indebted unto him, but I am informed it was only a 
doubtful pretence, to defraud me. 

" If by your means, anything may be gotten, I will 



Annapolis Manuscripts. 



86 The Founders of Maryland. 

assist you for the present. My brother Henry, hath 
promised to procure a letter from my Lord Baltimore, 
in your behalf, which will be much to your advantage. 
As concerning the Statute, I send you only a copy thereof 
at present, but if it will be useful to you, you may have 
the original sent unto you, when you require it. You 
must pretend your own right as next heir to brother 
Jerome, as well as my interest, for indeed there is only 
one daughter of his, before you, which is at Brabant, 
and mindeth not the same. 

So with my hearty desire of your good prosperity 
and welfare, at present cease, resting ever 

Your loving brother, 

James Hawley. 
Brentford, Co. Middlesex, 30th of July, 1649. 



RELIGION IN THE PROVINCE, UNTIL THE 
EXECUTION OF CHARLES THE FIRST. 



On the 29th of October, 1632, in consequence of a 
rumor that persons were on board, who had scruples 
of conscience against the oath of allegiance, Edward 
Hawkins, a Searcher of London, visited the Ark and 
the Dove, and administered the following Oath, to all 
whom he found. 

"I do truly and sincerely acknowledge, profess, 
testify, and declare in my conscience, before God and 
the world ; 

" That our Sovereign Lord, King Charles, is Jawful 
and rightful King of this realm, and of all other his 
Majesty's dominions and countrie, and that the Pope 
neither of himself, nor by any authority by the Church, 
or See of Rome, or by any other means with any other, 
hath any power or authority to depose the King, or to 
dispose of any of his Majesty's Kingdoms or dominions ; 
or to authorize any foreign Prince, to invade or annoy 
him or his countries ; or to discharge any of his subjects 
of their allegiance, and obedience to his Majesty; or 
to give license or leave to any of them to bear arms, 
raise tumults, or to oti'er any violence or hurt, to his 



88 The Founders of Maryland. 

Majesty's royal person, state, or government, or to any 
of his Majesty's subjects within his Majesty's domains. 

"And I do swear from my heart, that notwithstand. 
ing any declaration, or sentence of excommunication, 
or deprivation, made or granted by the Pope, or his suc- 
cessors, or by any authority derived, or pretended to 
be derived from him, or his See, against the said King, 
his heir or successors, or any absolution of the said 
subjects from their obedience, I will bear faith and 
true allegiance to hia Majesty, his heirs and successors, 
and him and them will defend to the uttermost of my 
power, against all conspiracies and attempts whatso- 
ever, which shall be made against his or their persons, 
their crown and dignity, by reason or color of any 
such sentence, or declaration, or otherwise; and will 
do my best endeavor to disclose and make known 
unto his Majesty, his heirs and successors, all treasons, 
or traitorous conspiracies, which I shall know or hear 
of, to be against him or any of them. 

" And I do further swear, that I do from my heart, 
abhor, detest, and abjure, as impious and heretical, 
this damnable doctrine and position ; that, Princes 
which be excommunicated or deprived by the Pope, 
may be deposed or murthered by their subjects, or any 
other whatsoever. 

"And I do believe, and in conscience am resolved, 
that neither the Pope, nor any person whatsoever, hath 
power to absolve me of this Oath, or any part thereof, 



Departure from England. 89 

which I acknowledge by good and full authority to be 
lawfully ministered unto me, and do renounce all par- 
dons, and dispensations to the contrary. And all these 
things I do plainly and sincerely acknowledge and 
swear, according to these express words by me spoke, 
and according to the plain, and common sense and 
understanding of the same words, without any equi- 
vocation or mental evasion, or secret reservation 
whatsoever. And I do make this recognition and ac- 
knowledgment heartily, willingly, and truly upon the 
true faith of a Christian : So help me God." 

After this oath was taken, the vessels proceeded to 
the Isle of Wight, when Father White and others 
who had not taken the oath, had an opportunity to 
ccme aboard. White, in his Journal, published by the 
Maryland Historical Society, thus describes the sail- 
ing of Lord Baltimore's colony, for America. 

" On the twenty-second of November, in the year 
1633, being St. Cecilia's day, we set sail from Cowes, 
in the Isle of Wight, with a gentle east wind blowing. 
And after committing the principal parts of the ship to 
the protection of God especially, and of His most Holy 
Mother, and St. Ignatius, we sailed on a little way be- 
tween the two shores, and the wind failing us, we 
stopped opposite Yarmouth Castle, which is near the 
southern end of the same island. 

" Here we were received with a cheerful salute of 

artillery. Yet we were not without apprehension, for 
12 



90 The Founders of Maryland. 

the sailors were murmuring among themselves, saying 
that they were expecting a messenger with letters from 
London, and from this it seemed as if they were even 
contriving to delay us. But God brought their plans 
to confusion, for that very night a fiivorable but strong 
wind arose, and a French cutter, which had put into 
the same harbor with us, being forced to set sail, came 
near running into our pinnace. The latter, therefore, 
to avoid being run down, having cut away and lost an 
anchor, set sail without delay, and since it was danger- 
ous to drift about in that place, made haste to get 
further out to sea. And so, that we might not lose 
sight of our pinnace, we determined to follow. Thus 
the designs of the sailors who were plotting against us, 
were frustrated. This happened on the 23d of No- 
vember, St. Clement's day." 

Father White also states, that " if you except the 
usual sea-sickness, no one was attacked by any disease, 
until the festival of the nativity of our Lord. 

" In order that the day might be better kept, wine 
was given out, and those who drank of it too freely 
were seized the next day with a fever, and of these not 
long afterwards, about twelve died, of whom two 
were Catholics." 

Newport, the commander of the first expedition for 
the settlement of Virginia, planted a cross^ near the 



Newport's Relation. 



Jesuit Missionaries. 91 

Falls of James Eiver, suitably inscribed, and took pos- 
session of the country in the name of Christ, and King 
James. The Maryland colonists claimed the region^ 
between the Potomac and Atlantic, in March 1634, 
with similar ceremonies. 

During the year 1635, the Jesuit Mission near 
Saint Mary, was composed of Father White, Altham 
alias Gravener, Thomas Gervase, and John Knowles, 
lay-assistant.^ Like the Jesuits of Canada, engaging 
in trade and farming, as a means of support, they 
employed many servants.^ 

On the 11th of December, 1635, the Privy Council 
of England considered a charge, that Francis Rabnett 
of Maryland, a servant of a brother of Sir John Win- 
ter, had declared "that it" was lawful and meritorious 



' In tLe catalogue of Clerkenwell College, 1637, in the Camden 
Society Publications are the following names : 
Johannes Gravenerius. 
Thomas Gervasii. 
Philippus Fisher us [alias Musket]. 
^ In the Annapolis Land Records there is the following list of ser- 
vants of Mr. Andrew White and Altham for 1633-4 : 

Thos. Statham, Robert Simpson, Mary Jennings, 

Matthias Sousa, John Hilliard, Robert Shirley, 

M. Rogers, John Hill, Christopher Carnock, 

John Bryant, Wm. Ashmore, Rich'd Lusthead, 

Mich. Hervey, Robt. Edwards, Thos. Charinton, 

Wm. Edwyn, Thos. Grimston, Rich'd Duke, 

H'y Bishop, Thos. Hatch, John Thomson, 

John Thornton, Lewis Fremonds, John Hollis, 

Rich'd Cole, John Elkin, Thos. Hodges. 

Rich'd Nevill or Nicholl, 



92 The Founders of Maryland. 

to kill a heretic king." Commissioner Hawley, who 
was present at the discussion, was asked if he had 
ever declared that " he was come to plant in Mary- 
land the Romish religion." He " utterly denied " 
that he had ever made that statement.^ 

Before or during the year 1637, came Fathers Fer- 
dinand Pulton,^ Thomas Copley,^ and lay-brother 
Walter Morley. 

Copley was the grandson of Thomas Copley, who 
fled to Paris during Queen Elizabeth's reign, and 
was knighted by the King of France. His father, 
William, married MargarettaPrideaux, who had been 
educated under her aunt, a Prioress at Louvain. 
Among the records of the Province of Maryland, at 
Annapolis, is thefollowing warrant of Charles the First. 

" Whereas Thomas Copley gentleman, an alien born, 
is a recusant, and may be subject to be troubled for 
his religion, and forasmuch we are well satisfied of the 
conditions and qualities of the said Thomas Copley 
and of his loyalty and obedience towards us we do 



* State Papers. 

^ On Nov. 30, 1638, applied for land due by conditions of plantation, 
for transporting 

Walter Morley, Richard Disney, and Charles, the Welslmian. 

^On August 8, 1637, Mr. Thomas Copley and Mr. John Knolls 
transported. 

Robert Kadger, Luke Gardner, Walter King, 

Thos. Davison, Thos. Motliam, George White, 

Richard Cos, John Martin, John Tue. 

Robert Sedgrave, Jas. Compton, 



Father Copley. 93 

hereby will and require you, and every of you whom 
it may concern, to permit and further the said Thomas 
Copley freely and quietly to attend in any place, and 
to go about and follow his occupation, without molest- 
ing or troubling him, by any means whatsoever for 
matters of religion, or the persons and places of those 
unto whom he shall resort, and this shall be your 
warrant in his behalf. 

" Give, under our signet, at our Palace at Westmins- 
ter, the 10th day of December, in the 10th year of 
our reign." 

Among the Land Office memoranda is the follow- 
ing : " Thomas Copley Esq., demandeth 4000 acres of 
land, due by conditions of plantations, for transporting 
into this Province himself and twenty able men, at 
his own charge to plant and inhabit, in the year 1637." 

A few months later, it is recorded that there has 
been " shipped in the St. Margaret, for Thomas Cop- 
ley Esq., cloth, hatchets, knives, hoes, to trade with 
the Indians for beaver. 

On iTovember 30th of this year, also came John 
Lewger the first Secretary of the Province, who had 
been a fellow student of Cecil, Lord Baltimore, at 
Oxford, and after graduation a clergyman of the 
Church of England. Becoming a member of the 
Church of Rome, he was made Secretary of the Colony 
and exercised great influence.^ Soon after his arrival 

' See page 69. 



94 The Founders of Maryland. 

there was a revival of religion, which the Jesuit 
Relation of 1638 alhides to, in these words: 

" Four fathers gave their attention to this Mission, 
with one assistant in temporal affairs; and he, indeed, 
after enduring severe toils for the space of five years, 
with the greatest patience, humility, and ardent love 
chanced to be seized by the disease prevailing at the 
time, and happily exchanged this wretched life, for an 
immortal one. 

" He was also shortly followed by one of the Fathers, 
who was young indeed, but on account of his remarka- 
ble qualities of mind, evidently of great promise. He 
had scarcely spent two months in this mission, when 
to the great grief of all of us, he was carried off by the 
common sickness prevailing in the Colony, from which 
no one of the three preceding priests had escaped un- 
harmed, yet we have not ceased to labor to the best of 
our ability among the neighboring people. 

" And thongh the rulers of this Colony have not yet 
allowed us to dwell among the savages, both on account 
of the prevailing sickness and also because of the 
hostile disposition * * * * ygj- ^yg hope that one of 
us will shortly secure a station among the barbarians. 

"Meanwhile, we devote ourselves more zealously to 
the English, and since there are Protestants as well as 
Catholics in the Colony, we have labored for both and 
God has blessed our labors. For among the Protestan ts, 
nearly all who have come from England in this year, 



Protestants Converted. 95 

1638, and many others have been converted to the faith, 
together with four servants, and five mechanics whom 
we hired for a month, and have in the meantime won 

" The sick and the dying, who have been very nu- 
merous this year and who dwelt far apart we have 
assisted in every way so that not even a single one has 
died without the sacraments. We have buried very 
many and baptized various persons. And although 
there are not wanting frequent occasions of dissension, 
yet none of any importance has arisen here in the last 
nine months, which we have not immediately allayed." 

It was in July of this year, that William Lewis^ was 
fined for his contemptuous speeches concerning the 
clergy of the Church of England. Robert Sedgrave,^ 
one of the servants transported by Father Copley, drew 
up the following complaint, to be signed by the free- 
men and then presented to the Governor and Council. 

" This is to give you notice of the abuses and scan- 
dalous reproaches which God and his ministers do 
daily suffer by William Lewis of St. Marie's, who saith 
that our ministers, are ministers of the Divell, and 
that our books are made by the instruments of the 
Divell, and further saith, that those servants which are 



' William Lewis ia Nov., 1638, married Ursula Gifford. He was iu 
tlie figlit against the friends of Parliament in the spring- of 1655 and 
executed for treason. His widow in 1657 married a George Guttridge. 

^ Sedgrave, Duke, and others hired by the Jesuits were Protest- 



96 The Founders of Maryland. 

under his charge shall not keep nor read any book 
which doth appertain to our religion, within the house 
of the said William Lewis, to the great discomfort of 
those poor bondmen which are under his subjection, 
especially in this heathen country, where no godly 
minister is to teach and instruct ignorant people in the 
grounds of religion. And as for people which cometh 
unto the said Lewis, or otherwise to pass the week, 
the said Lewis taketh occasion to call them into his 
chamber, and there laboureth with all vehemency, 
craft, and subtlety to delude ignorant persons. 

" Therefore we beseech you, brethren in our Lord 
and Saviour Christ Jesus, that you wlio have power, 
that you will do in what lieth in you, to have these 
absurd abuses and the ridiculous crimes to be re- 
claimed, and that God and his ministers may not be 
so heinously trodden down by such ignominious 
speeches," etc. 

It was in the year 1638, that the first Maryland 
Assembly met, whose proceedings have been preserved. 
The persons present, or voting by proxy, were ninety, 
of whom twelve were Roman Catholics, including the 
Jesuits White, Altham, and Copley. In 1639, the 
Jesuit Mission consisted of Father John Brock, alias 
Morgan, Superior, Philip Fisher, alias Musket, Thomas 
Copley^ and John Gravener, and in a letter one of 



1 John Gee, in Foot out of the Snare, published in 1624, mentions 
Father Fisher alias Musket, and Copley and Poulton. He writes, 



Indian Chief's Dream. 97 

them states : " This year twelve heretics in all, wearied 
of former errors, have returned to favor with God and 
the Church." 

Missions were begun among the Indians, and Father 
White visited Piscataway on the Potomac not many 
miles below Washington, where the Chief Tayac united 
with the Church of Rome. The Jesuit Relation states 
that the Chief had a wonderful vision: 

" That his father, deceased some time before, ap- 
peared to be present before his eyes, accompanied by 
a god of a black color, whom he worshipped beseech- 
ing him that he would not desert him. 

"At a short distance a most hideous demon, with a 
certain Snow, an obstinate heretic from England : and 
at length in another part the Governor of the Colony 
and Father White appeared, a god also being his com- 
panion, but much more beautiful, who excelled the 
unstained snow in whiteness, seeming gently to beckon 
the King to him. From that time he treated both the 
Governor and Father with the greatest affection." 

Justinian Snow was one of the founders of Maryland, 



" Father Musket a secular priest lodging over against St. Andrew's 
cliurcli, Holborn, a frequent preacher and one that hath much concourse 
of people to his chamber." 

In Rushworth, vol. iv, pp. 44, 68, it is mentioned that Fisher for a 
time was in Newgate Prison, but by the influence of Secretary Win- 
debank was released and harbored until he found an opportunity to 
go to America. 

Gee alludes to " Father Copley Junior one that hath newly taken 
orders, and come from beyond seas." 
13 



98 The Founders of Maryland. 

and Lord Baltimore's factor in the Indian trade. A 
brother Abel was clerk in the Chancery Office, London, 
and Marmaduke, another, came afterwards to the Pro- 
vince, and both he and Justinian, in 1638, were mem- 
bers of the Assembly. 

The latter died in 1639, and Marmaduke became 
administrator, but in consequence of sickness returned 
to England, and was living in 1659 in County Straf- 
ford, at Fenny Hill. In the absence of Marmaduke, 
Surgeon Thomas Gerrard, who married his sister 
Susanna, attended to the affairs of the brothers Snow. 

On the 21st of August, 1638, Lord Baltimore relin- 
quished the right to frame laws to be assented to by 
the Provincial Assembly, and granted to them the 
privilege of making their own laws, subject to his ap- 
proval. Under this privilege, a legislature convened, 
on the 25th of February, 1639, and the first law 
enacted was, "that Holy Church shall have and enjoy 
all her rights, liberties, and franchises, wholly and 
without blemish." 

This is the language of the English Statute Book, 
since the days of Henry the Second, who ratified 
Magna Charta. It was enacted, A.D. 1225, that : " The 
Church of England shall be free, and shall have all 
her rights and liabilities inviolable." Fifty years later, 
in the days of Edward the First, it was declared that 
" the peace of the Holy Church shall be kept and 
maintained in all points." A century later, in the 



Holy Church of England. 99 

reign of Edward the Third, the phraseology is, " Holy 
Church shall have all her liberties and franchises in 
quietness." 

In A.D. 1377, at the commencement of the reign of 
Richard the Second, it was declared that, " Holy 
Church shall have and enjoy all her rights, liberties 
and franchises wholly and without blemish." 

During the reign of Henry the Eighth, it was enacted 
by Parliament, that the King of England should be 
"Supreme Head on earth of the Church of England," 
any usage, custom, foreign laws, foreign authority, 
prescription, or any thing or things to the contrary 
notwithstanding. After this period, the Holy Church 
of the English Statute, was that Church, of which the 
King was the supreme head. 

By the charter of Maryland, the ecclesiastical law of 
England, was made the law of the Province.^ 

In 1642 Father White and three other Jesuits were in 
Maryland. Father Philip Fisher, the Superior, was 
at Saint Mary, Roger Rigby on the Patuxent, and 
Andrew White at Piscataway, on the Potomac, nearly 
opposite Mount Vernon. 

Notwithstanding there was no Church of England 
minister in the Province, the Snow family, and other 
Protestant Catholics, appear to have held religious 

' Sir Edward Nortliey, Attorney General of England, gave this 
decision : 

" As to the said clause in the grant of the province of Maryland, I 
am of opinion the same doth not give him power to do anything 
contrary to the ecclesiastical laws of England." — Chalmers's Opinions. 



100 The Founders of Maryland. 

services. Surgeon Thomas Gerrard, whose wife and 
son-in-law were decided Protestant Catholics, had 
legal difficulties in 1642, relative to the use of a chapel, 
probably growing out of his position, as the acting 
administrator of the estate of Justinian Snow. 

David Wickliff,^ in March, 1642, complained to the 
Assembly, in behalf of the Protestant Catholics, that 
Gerrard had taken away the key of their chapel, and 
removed the books. The case was heard, and he was 
ordered to relinquish all title to the chapel, to restore 
the books, and pay a fine of five hundred pounds of 
tobacco, for the support of the first Protestant Catho- 
lic minister who should settle in the Province. 

The news, that the only religious teachers in Mary- 
land, were Jesuits, created great dissatisfaction in 
England, and the House of Commons, on December 1, 
1641, presented an address to Charles the First, at 
Hampton Court, in which they complained that he 
had permitted " another State moulded within this 
State, independent in government, contrary in interest 
and affection, secretly corrupting the ignorant or neg- 
ligent professors of religion."^ Lord Baltimore per- 
ceived that loyal English subjects would continue to 
shun Maryland, if he continued to favor the Jesuits, 
and his poverty was so great, that unless he received a 
revenue from his Province, he must continue to depend 



' Wickliff in 1638 was entered as one of the servants of George 
Evelyn. 
* Rusliworth, vol. iv. 



Baltimore offends Jesuits. 101 

upon his father-in-law, Earl Arundel, for bread to sup- 
port his family. Determining to attract Protestant 
colonists, he offended the Jesuits. Without his con- 
sent, they had received a present of land from the 
converted Piscataway Chief, and he therefore sent over 
certain instructions, for the obtaining of land. 

When Governor Calvert and Secretary Lewger sub- 
mitted these papers to the Jesuits, they objected. 

A memorandum still preserved and supposed to be 
in the handwriting of John Lewger says: 

" The Governor and I went to the good men about 
difficulties. 

" 1. About putting the statute of mortmain on all 
lands. Gov. Calvert construed it, so as that no man 
could have an additional grant, except he would accept 
the statute, for all his land. 

" 2. One of thegood men thought that publishing the 
conditions of Plantation would not incur excommuni- 
cation, but thought it might be a mortal sin, to propose 
an act or obligations against good manners or piety, 
or to assent to it. 

" 3. The oath in the instructions to be tendered to 
such as were to take land, was decided to be against 
conscience, and to incur excommunication bullce ccence^ 
to publish or administer any such oath." 

' The Pope's Bull " In ccena Domini" was read every year on the 
day of the Lord's Supper or Maundy Thursday, and contained excom- 
munications and anathemas against heretics and all who disturbed or 
opposed the jurisdiction of the Holy See. 



102 The Founders of Maryland. 

The Governor and Lewger shrank from obeying 
Lord Baltimore, as they not did wish to be excommu- 
nicated from the Church of Rome. In September, 
1642, two Jesuits in England desired to join the Mary- 
land Mission, but Baltimore said, that he " could not 
in prudence allow them to go, unless an agreement was 
first made." On the 5th of October Lord Baltimore's 
sister wrote : " I have been with my brother, but he is 
inexorable until all conditions be agreed upon between 
you." 

A few days after, the Jesuits assented to the follow- 
ing positions of the Proprietary. 

" Considering the dependence of the Government 
of Maryland on the state of England, unto which it 
must, as near as may be, be comformable, no ecclesi- 
astical person whatever inhabiting or being within the 
said Province ought to pretend or expect, nor is Lord 
Baltimore or any of his oflicers, although they be 
Roman Catholics, obliged in conscience to allow 
said ecclesiastics, in said Province, any more or other 
privileges, exemptions or immunities for their per- 
sons, lands or goods, than is allowed by his Majesty 
or his officers and magistrates to like persons in Eng- 
land." 

" And any magistrates may proceed against the 
person, goods, etc., of such ecclesiastic for the doing 
of right and justice to another, or for maintaining his 
Proprietary prerogatives, and jurisdictions, just as 
against any other person, residing in said Province. 



Father "White a Prisoner. 103 

" These things to be done, without incurring the 
censure of hulloe ccence^ or committing a sin for so 
doing.^ 

The Priests did not keep faith with Lord Baltimore, 
as we discover from the Jesuit Relation of this period. 
It sajs : " When our people declared it to be repugnant 
to the laws of the Church, two priests were sent from 
England, who might teach the contrary, but the re- 
verse of what was expected, happened ; for our reasons 
being heard, and the thing itself being more clearly 
understood, they easily fellin with our opinion." 

The civil war in England growing out of resistance 
of the Parliament to the arbitrary demands of the 
King, induced strife in Maryland. 

Under a letter of marque granted by Charles the 
First to Governor Calvert, he seized the ship of Capt. 
Richard Ingle of London in 1643. Ingle in retaliation 
obtained a commission from Parliament, and appeared 
with the ship Reformation, and attacked those who 
would not acknowledge the " Keepers of the liberties 
of England " as Parliament was styled. 

During his stay Father Copley's house at Potopaco 
was attacked as well as the Jesuit plantation of St. 
Jingo. Fathers White and Fisher were taken pri- 
soners, and brought to London. White was tried and 
found guilty of teaching doctrines contrary to the 
laws of England, but on the 4th of July, 1646, judg- 

' Streeter's Early Maryland Papers. 



104 The Founders of Maryland. 

ment was stayed. After remaining in Newgate pri- 
son for many months, in January 7, 1648, the House 
of Commons " did concur with the Lords in granting 
the petition of Andrew White, a Jesuit, who was 
brought out of America, into the kingdom, by force, 
upon an English ship," and he was ordered to be dis- 
charged provided he left the kingdom, within fifteen 
days/ He never returned to America, but Father 
Fisher appears to have resumed labor in 1649, with 
one companion, probably Father Lawrence Starkey 
who came at this time to Maryland. A letter of 
Fisher is extant addressed to his Superior in which he 
writes under date of March 1, 1648-0 : 

" Although my companion and myself reached Vir- 
ginia on the 7th of January, after a tolerable journey 
of seven weeks, there I left my companion, and availed 
myself of the opportunity of proceeding to Maryland, 
where I arrived in the course of February." 

During the uprising of the friends of Parliament 
under Ingle, Father Copley seems to have remained at 
St. Inigo. In a relation, appended to Father White's 
journal, there is narrated a very wonderful and indeli- 
cate story which proves that the Jesuit mission was not 
entirely broken up. It is in these words : 

" It has been established by custom and usage of the 
Catholics who live in Maryland during the whole night 
of the Slstof July, following the festival of St. Ignatius, 

* House of Common's Journal. 



A Soldier's Indelicacy. 105 

to honor with a salute of cannon, their tutelar guard- 
ian and patron saint. 

" Wherefore in the year 1646, mindful of the solemn 
custom, the anniversary of the holy father being ended, 
they wished the night also consecrated to the honor of 
the same, by the continual discharge of artillery. At 
this time there were in the neighborhood certain sol- 
diers, unjust plunderers, Englishmen indeed by birth, 
of the heterodox faith, who, coming the year before 
with a fleet had invaded with arms almost the entire 
colony, had plundered, burnt, and finally having ab- 
ducted the priests and driven the Governor himself 
into exile, had reduced it to a miserable servitude. 
These had protection in a certain fortified citadel, built 
for their own defence, situated about five miles from 
the others; but now aroused by the nocturnal report 
of the cannon, the day after, that is, on the first of 
August, rush upon us with arms, break into the houses 
of the Catholics, and plunder whatever there is of 
arms or powder. 

" After a Avhile, when at length they had made an end 
of plundering, and had arranged their departure, one 
of them, a fellow of a beastly disposition and a scoflfer 
both contemptible and blasphemous who dared to 
assail St. Ignatius himself with filthy scurrility and a 
more filthy act. 

' " Away to the wicked cross with you, Papists,' says 
14 



106 The Founders of Maryland. 

he ' who take delight in saluting your poor saint, by 
the firing of cannon, I have a cannon too, and I will 
give him a salute more suitable and appropriate to so 
miserable a saint.' 

" This being said (let me not offend the delicacy of 
your ears) he resounded with a loud report, and de- 
parted, while his companions deride with their insolent 
laughter. 

"But his impious and wickedscurrility cost the wretch 
dear ; for, scarcely had he proceeded two hundred 
paces from the place, when he felt a commotion of the 
bowels within, and that he was solicited to privacy ; 
and when he had gone about the same distance on 
his way, he had to withdraw privately again, com- 
plaining of an unusual pain of his bowels, the like 
of which he had never felt in his life before. The re- 
maining part of his journey ; to wit : four miles, was 
accomplished in a boat, in which space, the severe 
torture of his bowels and the looseness of his belly 
frequently compelled him to land. Having arrived at 
the Fort, scarcely in possession of his mind, through 
80 great pain, he rolls himself at one time on the ground, 
at another casts himself on a bench, again on a bed, 
crying out all the time with a loud voice ' I am burning 
up ! I am burning up ! There is a fire in my belly ! 
There is a fire in my bowels !' 

" The officers, having pitied the deplorable fate of 
their comrade, carry him at length, placed in a boat 



A Wonderful Story. 107 

to a certain Thomas Hebden a skilful surgeon,' but 
the malady had proceeded further than could be cured 
or alleviated by his art. In the meantime you could 
hear nothing else coming from his lips, but that well 
known and mournful cry 'I am burning up ! I am 
burning up ! Fire ! Fire !' 

" The day after, which w^^s the 2d of August, his in- 
tolerable suiiering growing worse every hour, his 
bowels began to be voided, piecemeal. But on the 
3d of August, furious and raging, he passed larger 
portions of the intestines some of which were a foot, 
some a foot and a half, others two feet long. At 
length the fourth day drained the whole pump, so that 
it left nothing remaining but the abdomen empty and 
void. Still surviving, he saw the dawning of the fifth 
day, when the unhappy wretch ceased to see and live, 
an example to posterity of divine vengeance warning 
mankind. 

"Discitejustitiam,moniti et non contemneredivos.' 
Innumerable persons still living, saw the intestines of 
the dead man for many months hang upon the fence 
posts ; among whom was he who has added his testi- 
mony to these things, and with his hands handled the 
bowels, blackened, and as if crisped up, by this fire, of 
modern Judas." 



' Thomas Hebdea was in the employ of George Evelyn of Evelyn- 
ton Manor at Piney Point in 1638, and a member of the Assembly. 
Streeter says he was a carpenter. In his will he requested Father 
Copley to pray for his soul. 



RELIGIOUS CONDITION DTJEING THE AS- 
CENDENCY OF PARLIAMENT. 



LjORD Baltimore, finding that few colonists would 
go to Maryland from England, undeterred by the threat 
of excommunication, appealed to Massachusetts through 
Major Edward Gibbons, described in an old chronicle 
as the "younger brother of the house of an honorable 
extraction, "^ the owner of a windmill at St. Mary, a 
trader in the Potomac, and a prominent citizen of 
Boston. Gibbons once lost a vessel in the waters ofVir- 
ginia and Maryland, and perhaps the Jesuits' letter of 
1642 alludes to him in these words : " Father White 
suffered no little inconvenience from a hard-hearted 
and troublesome captain of New England, whom he 
had engaged for the purpose of taking him and his 
effects, from whom he was in fear a little while after, 
not without cause, that he would be either cast into the 
sea, or be carried with his property to New England, 
«vhich is full of Puritan Calvinists, that is of all Calvin- 
ist heresy. 

" Silently committing the thing to God, at length in 



Scottow. 



Invitation to Puritans. 109 

safety reached Potomac, they vulgarly call it Patemeak, 
iu which harbor, when they had cast anchor, the ship 
stuck so fast, bound by a great quantity of ice, that for 
the space of seventeen days, it could not be moved. 
Walking on the ice, as if on land, the Father departed 
for the town ; and when the ice was broken up, the 
ship driven and jammed by the force and violence of 
the ice, sunk, the cargo being in a great measure re- 
covered." 

The year after the Jesuits refused to yield to the 
Proprietary, on the 13th of October, 1643, Governor 
Winthrop of Massachusetts makes the following entry 
in his Journal : 

" The Lord Baltimore being owner of much land near 
Virginia, being himself a Papist and his brother Mr. 
Calvert, the Governor there a Papist also, but the 
colony consisting of both Protestant and Papist, he 
wrote a letter to Capt. Gibbons of Boston and sent him 
a commission wherein he made a tender of land in 
Maryland to any of ours that would transport them- 
selves thither with free liberty of religion, and all other 
privileges which the place affords, paying such annual 
rent as should be agreed upon, but our Captain had no 
mind to further his desire, nor had any of our people 
temptation that way." 

By an unexpected Providence, settlers at last came 
from Virginia, and the fortunes of Lord Baltimore by 
their advent were greatly improved. The Puritans of 



110 The Founders of Maryland. 

ISTansemond County, Virginia, in 1643 had secured the 
services of Rev. William Tompson a graduate of Ox- 
ford, John Knowles of Immanuel College, Cambridge, 
and Thomas James for their parishes. They were 
coldly received by Governor Berkeley, and his chaplain 
Thomas Harrison, because they were non-conformists. 
One month before the great massacre by the Indians, 
Berkeley secured the passage of an act forbidding any 
to officiate in churches who did not use the Book of 
Common Prayer. In a little while, the three ministers 
retired, but soon the Governor of Virginia was sur- 
prised by his able chaplain, Harrison, becoming a non- 
conformist, leaving Jamestown, and preaching to the 
Puritans of Nansemoud and Elizabeth River.^ 

In 1644, Roger Williams of Rhode Island visited 
England and published a treatise on religious toleration, 
of which, a Chaplain of the Archbishop of Canterbury 
wrote : " Witness the book printed, 1644, called The 
Bloody Tenet, which the author affirmeth he wrote in 
milk ; and if he did so, he hath put much rats-bane 
into it, as namely: That it is the will and command 
of God that since the coming of his Sou, the Lord 
Jesus, a permission of the most Paganish, Jewish, Turk- 
ish or Anti-Christian consciences, and worships, be 
granted to all men in all nations and countries ; that 
Civil States with their officers of justice, are not Go- 



Calamy^and Wintlarop. 



Liberty of Conscience. Ill 

vernors or defenders of the spiritual and Christian 
state and worship."^ 

At the same period, it was urged by the friends of 
Roger Williams " that the Parliament will provide that 
particular and private congregations may have public 
protection ; that all statutes against the Separatists be 
reviewed and repealed ; that the Press may be free 
for any man that writes nothing scandalous or danger- 
ous to the State ; that this Parliament prove themselves 
loving fathers to all sorts of good men, bearing respect 
unto all, and so inviting an equal assistance and affec- 
tion from all." 

On October 27th, 1645, the House of Commons or- 
dered : " That the inhabitants of the Summer Islands, 
and such others as shall join themselves to them, shall, 
without any molestation or trouble, have and enjoy 
the liberty of the conscience, in matters of God's wor- 
ship, as well in those parts of America, where they are 
now planted, as in all other parts of America where 
they may hereafter plant."^ 

The Rev. Patrick Copland,^ Governor Sayle and 



1 Featley's Dipper dipped. 

"^ Journal of House of Commous. 

^ Patrick Copland was an earnest and useful clergyman of whom 
too little has been known. In 1614 he was Chaplain of one of the 
ships of the East India Company. In 1616 returned to England ac- 
companied by a talented native youth whom he had taught chiefly by 
signs, " to speak, to read, and write the English tongue, both Roman 
and Secretary, Avithin less than the space of a year." At his sugges- 
tion the lad was publicly baptized on Dec. 33, 1616, in St. Dennis 
church, London, " as the first fruits of India." 



112 The Founders of Maryland. 

others for conscience sake left the Somers Islands, and ' 
settled at Eleuthera, a small isle of the Bahamas 
group, adjoining Guanahaui or Cat Island, the first 
land of the West, seen by Columbus. Sayle visited 
the Puritans of Virginia, and invited them to go to 
the Patmos, which their fellow religionists had selected, 
but they declined. 

The Rev. Thomas Harrison, in a letter dated No- 
vember 2, 1646, and sent to Governor Winthrop of 
Massachusetts, by Capt. Edward Gibbons, afterwards 
appointed Admiral of Maryland, writes : " Had your 
proposition found us risen up, in a posture of removal, 
there is weight and force enough [in yours] to have 
staked us down again." 



Not long after, in 1617, Copland with his pupil, sailed for the Indian 
Ocean in the Royal James, one of the fleet which Sir Thomas Dale, 
late Governor of Virginia, assumed the command of on Sept. 19, 1618. 
In the presence of Dale, in view of an impending naval conflict with 
the Dutch on the 2d of December, Copland preached on the Royal 
James. On the 9th of August, 1619, Dale died, and his old associate 
Sir Thomas Gates died in the same service the next year. 

On the 26th of April, 1620, Copland in the Royal James went to 
Japan. 

Leaving Java in February, 1621, the ship slowly returned to 
England, and having become interested in Virginia by conversing 
with Dale and Gates, on the homeward voyage he collected from 
fellow passengers, £70, for a church or school in Virginia. 

Arriving in the Thames about the middle of September, the next 
month John Ferrar, Deputy Governor of Virginia Company, announced 
the collection, to the members. The next year Copland preached be- 
fore the Company, and the sermon was published with the following 
title : 

Virginia's God be thanked | or | a Sermon of | Thanksgiuing | for 



Virginia Puritans. 



113 



The steady persistence of Harrison, and the increase 
of his congregations, irritated Governor Berkeley, and 



the happie | Successe of the afFayres in | Virginia this last | years | 
preached by Patrick Copland at | i?OTO-Church, in CJieapside, before 
the Honorable | Virginia Company, on Thursday, the 18 | of Aprill 
1633. And now published by | tJie Covimandeinent of the said liono \ to- 
lie Company. | Hereunto are adjoyned some Epistles, | written first in 
Latine (and now Englished) in the East Indies by Peter Pope, an 
Indian youth, | home in the Bay of Bengale, who was first taught | 
and converted by the said P. C. And after bap- 1 tized by Master John 
Wood, Dr. in Divinitie | in a famous Assembly, before the Bight \ 
Worshipfull, the East India Company, \ at S. Denis in Fan-Church 
Streete | in London, December 33, | 1616 | London | Printed by J. D. 
for William Sheffard and John Bellamie, and are to be sold[at his shop, 
at the two Grey- j hounds in Corne-hill, neere the Royall | Exchange 
1638.1 

In this sermon is an allusion to the motto of the Seal of the Virginia 
Company, which was the motto of the Colony until the Revolution of 
1776. He speaks of " This noble Plantation tending so highly to the 
advancement of the Gospel, and to the honoring of our dread Sove- 
reign, by inlarging of his kingdoms, and adding a fifth crown imto 
his other four ; for ' En dat Virginia quintam,' is the motto of the 
legal seal of Virginia." 

On October 30, 1619, the Company appointed a Committee to meet 
at Sir Edwin Sandys', " to take a cote for Virginia, and agree upon the 
Seale." On the 15th of the next month the device was presented for 
inspection. When the seal was presented to King James, he looked 
at the reverse with the figure of St. George slaying the Dragon, with 

the motto, " Fas alium supe- 
rare draconem," referring to 
the heathenism of the In- 
dians, and ordered that the 
motto should not be used. 
The face of the legal seal 
was an escutcheon, quart- 
ered with the arms of Eng- 
land, France, Scotland, and 
Ireland ; crested with a 
maiden Queen, with flowing 
hair and eastern crown ; sup- 
porters, two men in armor. 
15 




114 The Founders of Maryland. 

in the face of the action of Parliament, he influenced 
the Assembly of Virginia, on the 3cl of November, 1647, 
to enact the following : 

" Upon divers informations presented to this Assem- 

Spenser, Sir Walter Raleigli's friend, dedicated his Fairy Queen 
to Elizabeth " Queen of England, France, Ireland, and Virginia." 
After James of Scotland became King of England, Virginia could 
be called, in compliment, the fifth kingdom. 

In the " Mask of Flowers," played by the Gentlemen of Gray's Inn 
upon 12th night, 1613-14 in honor of the nuptials of Somerset, 
Kawasha, a God of the Virginians appears, and in the play occurs 
the following : 

" But now is Britannie fit to be 
A seat for a fiftli iMonarchie. 

Copland was elected Rector of the College at Henrico, but the mas. 
sacre by the Indians in the sprine; of 1622 thwarted his design of re- 
siding in Virginia. 

John Ferrar's brother Nicholas, who became a clergyman, sympa- 
thized with Copland in the desire to educate the Indian children of 
North America, and aided in establishing a school at the Somers 
Islands. When he became a non-conformist is unknown. 

In December, 1638, the celebrated divine Hugh Peters, then of 
Salem, Mass., writes a letter " To my worthy and reverend Brother, 
Mr. Copehind, Minister of the Gospel in Bermudas." 

While residing in Pagets' tribe, Copland gave a tract of land for a free 
school. In a letter from this settlement, dated 4th of December, 1639, 
and addressed to Governor Winthrop of Boston, he thanks him for 
twelve New England Indians sent to be educated, but were left at 
Providence island. He adds : " If they had safely arrived here, I 
would have had a care of them to have disposed of them to such hon- 
est men, as should have trained them up in the principles of religion, 
and so when they had been fit for your plantation, have returned them 
again to have done God some service, in being instruments to do some 
good for their country." 

He then tells Winthrop how the Dutch at Amboyna, East Indies, 
copied the Jesuit method of training and educated their own children 
and the native youth in the same school, each acquiring the other's 
language. He continues: "Being at Naugasack, a famous city of 
Japan, I saw with my own eyes, monuments of many fair churches 



Act of Uniformity. 115 

bly against several ministers for their neglect and re- 
fractorj' refusing, after warning given to them, to read 
Common Prayer in Divine service upon the Sabbath 
days, contrary to the canons of the Church, and the 
Acts of Parliament therein established : for future 
remedy hereof, 

" Be it enacted, by Governor, Council and Burgesses 
of this Grand Assembly, That all ministers in their 



and a University which sometimes they had there, but by their prag- 
matic intermeddling witli State matters was banished from Japan." 
He then stated that he had " a Papist catechism in my study, imprinted 
at Naugasack, with the Italian letters, in Japan tongue." 

The letter concludes by recommending for education George Stirke, 
the son of a lately deceased scholar, poet, and minister of the Islands. 
Young Stirke entered Cambridge, graduated in 1641, and became a 
man of science. 

Although the House of Commons in 1645, had ordered liberty of 
conscience and worship in the Plantations, the Independents of Somers 
Island and Virginia were oppressed by those in power. 

In behalf of the Congregationalists of the former place, Captain 
Sayle explored and selected one of the isles of the Bahamas, for the 
use of all who desire entire freedom of worship. He then went to Vir- 
ginia and extended an invitation to Rev. Mr. Harrison's congregation 
to cast in their lot with them. In November, 1646, he and the Rev. 
Mr. Golding came to Boston and from thence sailed to England, 
where they obtained a patent from Parliament, for the settling of 
Eleuthera, with provision for entire liberty of conscience. Upon 
Sayle's return, about seventy persons left Somers Island for Eleuthera, 
among whom was the venerable Patrick Copland nearly eighty years 
of age. The isle proved a dreary place, and they suffered for food. 
The Boston churches hearing of their destitution in 1650 or 1651, sent 
to them a ship filled with supplies, which arrived on Sunday, just as 
their faithful pastor had finished an exposition of the 23d Psalm. 

Authorities consulted in preparing of the above sketch : Calendar of 
East India Co. Papers; Virginia Co. M8S.; Hubbard, Winslow, 
Johnson, Wintlirop, Niclwls Progresses of King James. 



116 The Founders of Maryland. 

several cures throughout the Colony do duly, upon 
every Sabbath day, read such prayers as are appointed 
and prescribed unto them, by the said Book of Common 
Prayer. 

" And be it further enacted, as a further penalty to 
such as have neglected, or shall neglect their duty 
herein, that no parishioners shall be compelled, either 
by distress or otherwise, to pay any manner of tithes or 
duties, to any non-conformist aforesaid." 

The next year Berkeley ordered Harrison, and Elder 
William Durand to leave Virginia.^ Harrison went 



1 William Durand of Upper Norfolk in Virginia had listened to 
the preaching of Rev. John Davenport, first minister of New Haven, 
Ct., when he was Vicar of St. Stephens, Coleman street, Loudon. 

There came with him to Maryland in 1648, his wife, his daughter 
Elizabeth, and four other children. Two freemen, William Pell and 

Archer, and servants Thomas Marsh, Margaret Marsli, William 

Warren, William Hogg, and Ann Coles. The Commissioners who 
in 1652, made a treaty with the Susquehannas, at the Severn 
River were Richard Bennett, Edward Lloyd, William Fuller, Leonard 
Strong and Thomas Marsh. 

In October 1651, Durand obtained a grant of laud at the Cliflfs of 
the Chespeake in Calvert County, near the possessions of Leonard 
Strong and William Fuller. In 1654, he was made Secretary of the 
Province. When the Quakers arrived he was kind to them, and one 
of the Society of Friends in 1658, writes " William Fuller abides 
unmoved : I know not but that William Durand doth the like." 

Rev. Thomas Harrison received the degree of D.D. , after he went to 
England. On October 11th, 1649, the Council of State wrote to Gov- 
ernor Berkeley that they were informed, by petition of the congrega- 
tion of Nansemond, that their minister INIr. Harrison, an able man, of 
unblamable conversation had been banished the Colony because he 
would not conform to the use of the Common Prayer Book, and as 
he could not be ignorant, that the use of it was prohibited by Parlia- 
ment, he was directed to allow Mr. Harrison to return to his ministry," 



Puritans in Maryland. 117 

to Boston, consulted with friends, and as a result sailed 
for England, to complain of Berkeley's tyranny, and 
Durand began to negotiate for a settlement in Mary- 
land. 

Upon the express assurance, that there would be a 
modification of the oaths of office and fidelity, an en- 
joyment of liberty of conscience, and the privilege of 
choice in offi.cers, the Virginia non-conformists agreed 
to remove to the banks of the Severn.' 



Harrison never went back but became Chaplain of Cromwell's son 
Henry, when Lord Lievitenant of Ireland. He was in Dublin at the 
time of Oliver Cromwell's death, and pre ched a funeral sermon from 
Lamentations 5 ch. 16 v. " The crown is fallen from our head; wo 
unto us that we have sinned." It was published with the following 
title :" Threni Hybernici : or Ireland sympathizing with England and 
Scotland, in a sad lamentation for the loss of their Josiah. Repre- 
sented in a sermon at Christ Church in Dublin, before his Excellency 
the Lord Deputy, with divers of the Nobility, Gentry, and Commonality 
there assembled to celebrate a funeral solemnity, upon the death of 
the Lord Protector ; by Dr. Harrison, Cliief Chaplain to his said Ex- 
cellency." 

Upon the accession of Charles the Second, unable to accept the 
terms of conformity, he retired to Chester, England. An officer on 
the 3d of July, 1665, reports: " A conventicle of one hundred persons 
was appointed at the house of Dr. Thomas Harrison, late Chaplain of 
Harry Cromwell , broke open the house, found some under the beds, 
others in the closets, and thirty were taken before the Mayor." 

Just before he left America, he married Dorothy, daughter of 
Samuel Symonds formerly of Yeklham, Essex, who came to Ipswich, 
Mass., in 1637 and died in 1678, having been for several years Deputy 
Governor, and respected for his great worth. Mrs. Lucy Downing, sister 
of Gov. Winthrop, of Mass. , in a letter to her nephew, John Winthrop of 
Ct., writes under date of Dec. 17, 1648. " You hear, I believe, our 
cousin Dorothy Simonds, is now won and wedded to Mr, Harrison, 
the Virginia minister." 

1 Hammond. 



118 The Founders of Maryland. 

William Stoue of Hungar's Neck, Eastern Shore of 
Virginia, a nephew of Thomas Stone, haberdasher of 
London, and brother-in-law of Francis Doughty,^ a 
non-conformist minister, was on the 6th of August, 
1648, commissioned Governor, in the place of Thomas 
Green. 

In accordance with stipulations with the Puritans, 
in his commission, is found for the first time, the 
pledge, not to disturb any person professing to believe 
in Jesus Christ merely for, or in respect of his or her 
religion, or the free exercise thereof.^ 



' In Governor Stone's will Francis Doncrhty Is called his brother-in- 
law. Donghty was the son of a Bristol alderman and probably the 
same person who when Vicar of Sodbnry, Gloucester, had been arraigned 
before the Hig-h Commissioner, for contempt of his Sacred Majesty, 
having spolien of him, in prayer, as " Charles by common election, 
and general consent, King of England." 

In 1639, he came to Massachusetts, and from thence went to Long 
Island, and while there used to preach to the English-speaking mem- 
bers of the Reformed Church in Manhattan, now New York City. 
His daughter Mary, there married Adrian Vander Donk, a Leyden 
oraduate and distinguished lawyer. After his decease, she became the 
wife of Hugh O'Neal of Patuxent, Maryland, and her father appears 
to have resided in the same vicinity. Herrman, one of the New 
Netherlands Commissioners, says that while he was dining with 
Phili]) Calvert, on Sunday, the 12th of October, 1G59, " Mr. Doughty, 
the minister accidentally called." 

"^ Streeter who made a thorough investigation says : " Mr. Chalmers 
was in error, when he asserted, that in the oath taken by the Governor 
and Council, betioeen the years 1637 and 1657, there was a clause bind- 
ing them not to molest any one, on account of his religion, who pro- 
fessed to believe in Jesus Christ. The oath of 1639 is the first on 
record administered to the Governor and Council ; and it most carefully 
avoids all allusion to religion. The same form was certainly in use, 
as late as April, 1643, when James Neal took the oath of Councillor, 



Plowden on Toleration. 119 

Plowden, who had lived in Virginia, tit the time of 
the controversy, between Berkeley and the non-con- 
formists, in the description of Nova Albion, pub- 
lished in London, 1648, advocated the principle, insisted 
upon by the Puritans, as a condition of residence in 
Maryland. He writes of religion in these words : " I 
conceive the Holland way, now practiced, best to 
content all parties. By Act of Parliament or General 
Assembly to settle and establish all the fundamentals 
necessary to salvation, as the three creeds, the com- 
mandments, preaching on the Lord's Day, and great 
days, and catechism in the afternoon, the sacraments 
of the altar and baptism 

"But no persecution to any dissenting, and to all such, 
as to the Walloons, free chapels, and to punish all as 
seditious and for contempt, as bitter, rail, and condemn 
others of the contrary ; for this argument or persuasion, 
all religious ceremonies r church discipline should be 
acted in mildness, love, and charity, and gentle lan- 
guage, not to disturb the peace or quietness of the in- 
habitants." 



as is distinctly stated, according to the form described in the act of 
Assembly of March, 1639. 

If Chalmers meant by the expression " between 1^37," for 1637, 
as many have contended, he was clearly mistaken ; if he intended to 
leave the date nnfixed, he has given himself large scope, and afforded 
ground for false inferences. 

The prohibition in regard to molesting believers in Christ cannot 
be found in any commission before that to Governor Stone in August, 
1648. Streeter's Early Papers ; M'd Hist. Soc. Publication, 1876, 
pp. 343, 244. 



120 The Founders of Maryland. 

The legislature of 1649 embodied the agreement, 
and the principle recognized in Stone's commission, in 
the " Act concerning Religion." 

Hammond, a friend of Lord Baltimore, but hostile 
to the non-conformists, asserts, that the inhabitants were 
composed of conformists, non-conformists, and a " few 
Papists." 

In a pamphlet published at London, in 1656, he 
writes : " And there was in Virginia, a certain people 
congregated into a church, calling themselves Inde- 
pendents, which daily increasing, several consultations 
were held by the State of that Colony, how to suppress 
them, wnich was duly put in execution, as first, the 
pastor was banished, next other teachers, then many by 
informations clapt up in prsion, then generally dis- 
armed, which was very harsh. ******** 

" Maryland was counted by them as a refuge, the 
Lord Proprietor and his Governor solicited, and several 
addresses made for their admittance and entertainment 
into that Province." These conditions were presented ; 
"that they should have convenient portion of land 
assigned, the liberty of conscience, and privilege 
to choose their own otficers." He continues, " An 
Assembly was called throughout the whole country, 
after their coming over, consisting as well of them- 
selves, as the rest, and because there were some 
few Papists that first inhabited, these themselves, and 
others, being of different judgments, an Act was passed 



Act Concerning Religion, 121 

that all professing in Jesus Christ should have equal 
justice."^ Hammond further states, that at the request 
of the Virginia Puritans, " the oath of fidelity was 
overhauled, and this clause added to it, ' provided it 
infringe not the liberty of conscience.' " 

The Act v^as not approved by Lord Baltimore for 
many months. In the Record Book, the following note 
is appended, sigued Philip Calvert. " An Act of As- 
sembly, 21st April, 1G49, confirmed by the Lord Pro- 
prietary by an instrument under his hand and seal 
dated Aug. 26, 1650."2 

Lord Baltimore's defence before Parliament, speaks 
of this law originating in Maryland. He writes in one 
place : " Although those laws were assented unto by the 
Lord Baltimore in August, 1650, yet it appears, that 
some of them were enacted in Maryland, by the As- 
sembly there, in April 1649." In another place, speak- 
ing of a law of 1650, is the following statement : 

" It was one of those laws passed by the Assembly 
in Maryland, in April 1650, when the people there 
knew of the late King's death, a year after, the other 
law above mentioned, with divers others, which were 
enacted in April, 1649,^ as aforesaid, though in the in- 

' Leah and Rachel. London, 165G. 

' Annapolis Manuscripts. 

'' Blome in his Britannia published in 1673, at London, and to which 
book Cecil, Lord Baltimore was a subscriber, asserts that " His Lord- 
ship, by advice of the General Assembly of the province, hath long 
since established a model of good and wholesome laws, with toleration 
of religion, to all sorts, that profess faith in Christ, " 
16 



122 The Founders of Maryland. 

grossment of them all here, when the Lord Baltimore 
gave his assent to them altogether, in August 1650, it 
was written before it, because they were transposed 
here, in such order, as the Lord Baltimore thought 
fit, according to the nature, and more or less import- 
ance of them, placing the Act concerning Religion 
first."^ 

This Act was contrary to the teachings of the Church 
of Rome, since it was the recognition of Christians 
who rejected the Pope, and when the Assembly of 
1650 met, there was an expression of dissatisfaction. 
The burgesses of the Assembly were as follows. 
John Hatch, St. George's Hundred. 

Walter Beane, " " " 

John Medley, Newtown " 

William Brough, " " 

Robert Robins, " " 

Francis Posey, St. Clement's " 

Philip Land, St. Mary's " 

Francis Brooks, " " " 

Thomas Mathews, St. Inigo's " 

Thomas Stermau, St. Michael's " 

George Manners, " " " 

James Cox, Anne Arundel 

George Puddington, " " " 

When the delegates came to be sworn, all the Roman 
Catholics, four in number, objected to the principles 
of the Act concerning Religion, passed by the last 



21ie Lord Baltimore's Case. London, 1653. 



Wilkinson the Clergyman. 123 

Assembly. Medley, Manners, and Land thought it 
was not right to have a perpetual law upon the sub- 
ject, but Thomas Mathews, who came from the precinct 
in which the home of the Jesuits was situated, told the 
Assembly, that he could not take the oath of toleration, 
"as he wished to be guided, in matters of conscience, 
by spiritual counsel."^ 

He was then censured and expelled, and Cuthbert 
Fenwick was returned in his place. 

It was not, until after the Act concerning Religion, 
was passed, that any Protestant clergyman per- 
manently settled in the Province. 

About the year 1650, there arrived William Wilkin- 
son, Cl'k, about fifty years of age, with his wife, 
daughters Mary, Rebecca, Elizabeth, step-daughter 
Margaret, and servants Robert Cornish, and Ann 
Stevens. Like Father Thomas Copley, he engaged 
in trade, to assist in his support.^ 



' Annapolis Manuscripts. 

" Early in 1654 Stringer, a carpenter, died at Wiliiinson's house, and 
left chests, locked up in the store. In renderino- tlie account of this 
man's estate, the Minister presents a curious mingling of charges, in 
tobacco weight. 

For the use of his boat and a boy. lbs. 50 

" boarding at his house 7 or 8 days and 2 men. 400 

" funeral sermon. 100 

dinner. 300 

" a plank for his coffin. 60 

In his will made May 29, 1663, his daughter Rebecca is spoken of as 
the wife of William Hatton, and Eliza as the wife of Thomas Dent. 
Dent was among the first settlers in the District of Columbia. 
In 1662 he entered a tract of land called Qislwrough, on the east 
side of Anacostan River, in a branch called Eastern Branch. The name 



124 The Foundees of Maryland. 

Ill 1652 Captain William Mitchell, one of the worst 
men in the Province, was appointed a member of the 
Council, by Lord Baltimore. He was suspected of 
poisoning his wnfe on a voyage to America. Ann, 
daughter of Elizabeth Bolton, of St. Martins in the 
Fields, Middlesex, was hired as a servant, to act as 
governess, whom he harshly used, and then sold to 
Francis Brooke, for a wife. 

At a Court, held on 22d of June, 1652, at Saint 
Mary's, Thomas Cole, aged thirty-two years, deposed : 
" That before coming out of England he was at Mr. 
Edmond Plowden's chamber. He asked me with 
whom I lived ? I replied Capt. Mitchell. He persuad- 
ing me not to go with him to Virginia, asked me ' Of 
what religion he was, and whether I ever saw him go 
to church ? ' I made answer ' I never saw him go to 
church.' He replied, ' that Captain Mitchell being 
among a company of gentlemen, he wondered, that the 
world had been, so many hundred years, deluded with 
a man and a pigeon.'" 

Mr. Plowden then told Cole, that by the dove, was 
meant " the Holy Ghost," and by the man, " our 
Saviour, Christ." 

The Province of Maryland, in 1652, by commission- 



is still retained, and the U. S. Government Asylum for the Insane is 
on or near the tract. 

The place was probably called from Gisborough a town on the iiats 
of the river Tees in North Yorkshire, where a Dent family lived. 

In 1672 Rev. Mr. Nicholet of Salem, Mass., who had lived in Mary- 
land, spoke of five Protestants whom he often met, Mr. Dent, Mr. 
Hatton, Mr. Hill, Mr. Hanson, and Mr. Thoroughgood. 



Conflict with Proprietary. 125 

ers from Parliament, was reduced and settled with the 
authority of the Commonwealth of England, and Go- 
vernor Stone vvas continued in office, having promised 
to issue all writs and other processes in the name of 
"the keepers of the liberty of England." 

The next year, under directions from Lord Balti- 
more, Stone violated the compact, and began to issue 
writs in the Lord Proprietary's name, to admit to the 
Council only those appointed by Lord Baltimore, and 
require the inhabitants to take an oath of fidelity, 
which if refused by any colonist, after three months 
his lands were to be confiscated for the use of the Pro- 
prietary. 

At the request of Richard Preston, and over one 
hundred other planters, the Parliament Commissioners 
visited Maryland, and on the 20th of July, 1654, 
Stone " laid down his power as Governor of this pro- 
vince under his Lordship, and did promise for the 
future to submit to such government as shall be 
selected by the Commissioners, in the name and under 
the authority of His Highness, the Lord Protector." 

In 1653 Lord Baltimore printed the statement of his 
reasons, as presented to Parliament, why his charter 
should not be abrogated. The last is as follows: "If 
the Lord Baltimore should by this Commonwealth, be 
prejudiced in any of the rights or privileges of his 
patent of that Province; it would be a great discour- 
agement, to others in foreign plantations, upou any 
exigency to adhere to the interest of this Common- 



126 The Founders of Maryland. 

wealth ; because it is notoriously known, that by his 
express direction, his officers and the people there did 
adhere to the interest of this Commonwealth, when 
all other English plantations, except Kew England, 
declared against the Parliament, and at that time re- 
ceived their friends, in time of distress, for which, he 
was like, divers times, to be deprived of his interest 
there, by the colony of Virginia, and others, who had 
commissions from the late King's eldest son, for that 
purpose, as appears by a commission, granted by him 
to Sir "Wm. Davenant."^ 

In this pamphlet he also states that his opponents in 
Maryland were " obscure and factious fellows." 



I Sir Wm. Davenant K't was Sliakspeare's godson, and like his 
godfather was given to poetry. On the 16th day of February, 1649-50, 
Charles issued a commission from his exile in Jersey, the opening para- 
graphs of which were as follows : 

" Whereas the Lord Baltimore, Proprietary of the Province and 
plantations in Maryland, in America doth visibly adhere to the rebels 
of England, and admit all kinds of schismatics and sectaries, and other 
ill affected persons, with the said plantations of Maryland, so that we 
have cause to apprehend very great prejudice to our service thereby, 
and very great danger to our plantations in Virginia, who have car- 
ried themselves, with so much loyalty and fidelity to the King, our 
Father of blessed memory, and to us, Know ye, therefore, that we 
reposing special trust and coniidence in the courage, conduct, loyalty, 
and good affection of Sir Wm. Davenant, and for prevention of the 
danger and inconveniences above mentioned, do by these presents, 
nominate, constitute, and appoint you, our Lieutenant Governor of the 
said province or plantations of Maryland." 

With the aid of Queen Henrietta Maria, Davenant sailed from a port 
in Normandy, with a company of weavers and mechanics, but on the 
voyage, was captured, and brought to England. Lodged in the Tower, 
he there finished his poem of Gondibert, and at length was released 
" from durance vile," by the intercession of the great Puritan poet, John 
Milton. 



Fathers Copley and Starket. 127 

A review of this publication was in 1655, printed in 
London, wtiich thus answers this allusion. 

" The Lord Baltimore pretends, in print, his enter- 
tainment in Maryland, of the Parliament friends thrust 
out of Virginia; but those very men whom he so 
styles, coming thither, being promised by Captain 
Stone, he would decline urging the oath upon them, 
complain of it, to the Parliament, are in answer there 
unto vilified by Lord Baltimore, and publicly taxed 
for obscure and factious fellows : and in his later letters, 
termed the basest of men, and unworthy of the least 
favor or forbearance. 

" Such advantages doth he make on all sides, at such 
a distance, and in such uncomposed times, that he 
confidently takes the liberty, to aver such extreme 
and contrary things, which amaze other men, that see 
them. The place as himself confessed, had been de- 
serted, if not peopled from Virginia." 

In 1652, Father Thomas Copley died, and Father 
Lawrence Starkey assumed the duties he performed. 
Starkey was born in Lancashire in 1606, and at the 
age of thirty joined the order of Jesuits. He came to 
Maryland in 1649, and died in February, 1657, and 
Ralph Crouch appears to have been his successor. Sur- 
geon Henry Hooper, who died about the year 1650, left 
a legacy to Ralph Crouch for such " pious uses as he 
thinks fit." 

A complaint was made to the Provincial Court in 
the spring of 1654, that Luke Gardiner who had been 



128 The Founders of Maryland. 

in the service of Father Copley did in " an uncivil, re- 
fractory, and insolent manner, detain at his house 
Eleanor Hatton, sister-in-law of Lt. Richard Banks, 
and niece of his Lordship's Secretary Thomas Hatton 
endeavoring as was " probably reported to train her 
up in the Roman Catholic religion, contrary to the 
mind and will of her mother and uncle." 

Lt. Richard Banks was authorized to go and take 
her from the custody of Gardiner. 

This year Father Francis Fitzherbert, without any 
companion, sailed for Maryland. The vessel, in which 
he was a passenger, was exposed to a series of gales. 
The Jesuit Relation for that year says : " The 
tempest lasted, in all, two months, whence, the opin- 
ion arose, that it was not on account of the violence 
of the ship, or atmosphere, but was occasioned by 
the malevolence of witches. Forthwith they seize 
a little old woman suspected of sorcery, guilty or 
not guilty, they slay her, suspected of this and after 
examining her with the strictest scrutiny, very heinous 
sin." The tragedy is more fully alluded to in the 
Provincial Records. Mr. Henry Corbyn, a young 
merchant from London,^ described the circumstance 



' Henry Corbyn or Corbin was twenty-five years of age in 1654, and 
was the founder of the Virginia family of that name. He lived between 
the Rappahannock and Potomac. In 1657 was the register of the 
vestry ot the Parish. The immigrants Washington came about the 
same time. 

His son Gawin was President of the Council of Virginia and had 
four daughters, and three sons, one of whom, Richard, in 1754 used his 
influence to procure young Washington a commission, which he en- 
closed with the following mAc : 

" Dear George : I inclose you a commission. God prosper you with 
it. Your friend, Richard Corbin." 



Mary Lee Hung. 129 

to the Governor and Council of Maryland. He was a 
passenger on the ship Charity, John Bosworth, Master. 
Two or three weeks beforethey reached the Chesapeake, 
it was rumored among the sailors, that Mary Lee, one 
of the passengers, was a witch, and they asked the 
Captain to have a trial, but he at first refused. The 
ship daily became more leaky, and the Captain con- 
sulted with Corbyn and Robert Chipsham also a mer- 
chant, and to allay the fears of the seamen it was 
decided to allow an examination. 

Two of the seamen, without orders, searched her 
body and declared she had witch marks. During the 
night, she was fastened to the capstan, and the next 
morning, the marks " for the most part were shrunk 
into her body." The sailors then asked Corbyn to 
examine her, and she confessed she was a witch. The 
Captain of the ship retired to his cabin, and the sailors, 
notwithstanding his protest, took and hung her, and 
then cast her body in the sea. 

Francis Darby, Gent, aged thirty-nineyears, deposed, 
that this statement was correct, and he was probably 
Father Francis Fitzherbert, as it was common for 
Jesuits to take another name, when on a journey. ^ 

During the sway of the Parliament commissioners, 
Thomas Mathews, William Boreman, John Pyle, and 
John Dandy ^ acknowledged their belief in the su- 
premacy of the Pope. 

' Annapolis manuscript record. 

' Jolin Dandy had been in Clayborne's employ at Kent Island, and 
was a violent blacksmith. In October, 1640, he was summoned by the 
Assembly to answer for misdemeanors. In October, 1657, he was tried 

17 



130 The Founders of Maryland. 

On the Both of November, 1657, Lord Baltimore 
agreed to forget past controversies, to omit the clauses 
in the oath of fidelity, to which the Protestants of the 
Province objected, and did further promise " that he 
would never give his assent to the repeal of a law es- 
tablished in Maryland, whereby all persons professing 
to believe in Jesus Christ have freedom of conscience 
there," and then the Commissioners of Parliament sur- 
rendered their power, and once more he appointed his 
own officers. 

The next year Maryland linked herself with Massa- 
chusetts in the persecution of the Quakers. 

Toward the latter part of 1657 a ship arrived at 
Jamestown with Thomas Thurston and Josiah Cole, 
preachers of the Society of Friends. They were looked 
upon as disturbers of tbe peace and imprisoned by the 
Virginians. After their release they went to Maryland 
and were kindly received by the Puritans William Du- 
rand and William Fuller, and hospitably entertained 
by Richard Preston of Patuxent^ and his son-in-law 
William Berry. As they were conscientiously opposed 
to swearing, they in the place of judicial oaths, simply 
affirmed. This fact, and the wearing of their hats, gave 
offence to Lord Baltimore's officers. 

At a court held at Patuxent July 8, 1658, a warrant 
was issued for Cole and Thurston because they had 



for cruelty to a servant causing liis death, found guilty and hung on 
an island at the mouth of Leonard's Creek. 

' Richard Preston in 1649 came with seven in his family, and entered 
land for 73 persons. 



Quakers Whipped. 131 

remained in the Province, above one month, without 
taking the oath of fidelity. Two weeks later, " taking 
into consideration the insolent behavior of some people 
called Quakers, who at the Court, in contempt of an 
order there made and proclaimed, would presumptu- 
ously stand covered," the authorities banished them 
and they made their way to the Dutch settlement at 
Manhattan through the Indian country. 

Preston and others were fined for entertaining the 
preachers, and one Wiis whipped for refusing to assist 
a Sherifi'in arresting Thurston. 

The council, in 1659, issued an " order to seize and 
whip them, from constable to constable," until they 
be sent out of the Province. 

Francis Howgill published at London, in 1660, a 
pamphlet entitled " The Deceiver of the Nations disco- 
vered, and his cruelty made manifest, inore especially his 
cruel works of darkness in Mariland, and Virginia.'' 

Alluding to the treatment of Cole and Thurston he 
remarks : 

"The Indians, whom they judged to be heathen, 
exceeded in kindness, in courtesies, in love, and 
mercy, unto them, who were strangers, which is a shame 
to the mad, rash rulers of Mariland that have acted 
so barbarously to our people, and them that came to 
visit them in the name of the Lord, that instead of 
receiving them, rejected them, and made order after 
order, and warrant after warrant, for pursuing, banish- 
ing and whipping of them, who came to them, in the 
name of the Lord, in such haste, that I have seen fifteen 



132 The Founders of Maryland. 

warrants out against one man, in a little time, and in 
one province." 

Josiah Cole, traveling in company with Jacob Lum- 
brozo, the Jew doctor, in July 1658, asked " whether 
the Jews did look for a Messiah ? " Lumbrozo an- 
swered ; " Yes." Then Cole asked " Who he was that 
was crucified at Jerusalem ? " The Jew replied : 
" He was a man." Then the Quaker, asked " How 
did he do all his miracles ? " and the answer was : 
" He did them by art magic." Cole continued : 
" How did his disciples do the same miracles, after he 
was crucified ? " The Doctor replied " he taught them 
his art." Some mouths after Cole and Thurston were 
banished, Lumbrozo was arraigned for blasphemy, when 
he stated to the court, that he " said not any thing scoff- 
ingly, or in derogation of him Christians acknowledge 
for their Messiah," but merely declared his belief as a 
Jew. 

The same year that the Quakers appeared. Father 
Fitzherbert was arraigned. Henry Coursey, described 
by Lord Baltimore as " a person of good repute and 
credit, and well esteemed by all the inhabitants of 
Maryland, he being of the Church of England," wrote 
to his Lordship as follows : 

'* Since I wrote my last to you, I have received a 
message from Mrs. Gerrard, which is, that Mr. Fitz- 
herbert, hath threatened excommunication to Mr. 
Gerrard, because he doth not bring to church, his 
wife and children. And further, Mr. Fitzherbert saith, 



Father Fitzherbert Distracts. 133 

that he hath written home, to the heads of the Church, 
in England, and that if it be their judgments to have 
it so, he will come with a party, and compel them. 
My Lord, this I offer to your Lordship, as Mrs. Ger- 
rard's relation, who, I think, would not offer to re- 
port any such thing, if it were not so. And, my 
Lord, I thank God, the government of the country is 
now in your officers' hand, but I think, and have good 
reasons to think so, that it will not long continue 
there, if such things be not remedied. 

" I told Mr. Fitzherbert of it, about a year since, in 
private, and also that such things were against the law 
of the country. 

" Yet, his answer was, that he must be directed by 
his conscience, more than by the law of any country. 
I do not my Lord, thrust myself upon any business of 
quarrel, but it is peace and quietness I desire. And 
I hope, your Lordship hath no other cause but to 
wish the same, and so I refer the consideration of it to 
you." 

On the 5th of October, 1658, his Lordship's At- 
torney General, at a Court held at St. Leonard's Creek, 
presented the following : 

" An information of his Lordship's attorney against 
Francis Fitzherbert, for practising of treason and sedi- 
tion, and giving out rebellious and mutinous speeches, 
in this his Lordship's Province of Maryland, and en- 
deavouring, as far as in him lay, to raise distraction 
and disturbances in this his Lordship's said Province. 



134 The Founders of Maryland. 

" 1. Francis Fitzherbert did, on the 24th of August, 
1658, traitorously and seditiously, at a general meet- 
ing, in arms, of the people of the upper part of Patux- 
ent River, to muster, endeavor to seduce and draw 
from their religion, the inhabitants there met together." 

The second and third charges were of the same pur- 
port, 

" 4. That he hath rebelliously and mutinously said, 
that if Thomas G-errard Esq., of the Council, did not 
come and bring his wife and chiklren to his church, 
he would come and force them to the Church, con- 
trary to a known Act of Assembly for this Province." 

For the prosecution there were several witnesses. 
A son-in-law of Gerrard, Robert Slye the husband of 
his daughter Susannah, deposed : That some time in 
or about July or August in the year 1656, Mr. Fitz- 
herbert being at his house, he asked him, who it was, 
that raised the report that he had beaten his Irish ser- 
vants, because they refused to be of the same religion 
with him. Mr. Fitzherbert replied, that he would not 
and could not disclose the author, but he further said 
that Mr. Gerrard had beaten an Irish servant of his, 
because she refused to be a Protestant, or go to prayer 
with the family that were so. To which Mr. Slye re- 
plied that the story "was unfounded. 

Mr. Fitzherbert then said, that " Gerrard, although 
he professed himself a Roman Catholic, yet his life 
and conversation were not agreeable to his profession, 
because he brought not his wife and children to the 
church." 



Fitzherbert's Trial. 135 

****** « Mr. Fitzherbert told the deponent 
further, that if Mr. Gerrard brought not his children 
freely to his church, nor educated them in the princi- 
ples of the Romish religion, he would take such a 
course, that he would undertake their education in Mr. 
Gerrard's own house, whether Mr. Gerrard would give 
way thereunto or no." 

To the charges Fitzherbert demurred. 

" 1. Neither denying or confessing the matter here 
objected, since by the very first law of this country, 
Holy Church, within this province, shall have, and 
enjoy all her rights, liberties and franchises, wholly 
and without blemish, amongst which that of preaching 
and teaching is not the least. 

" IsTeither imports it what church is there meant ; since 
by the true intent of the Act concerning Religion, 
every church professing to believe in God the Father, 
Son, and Holy Ghost, is accounted Holy Church here. 

2. Because, by the act entitled, An Act concerning 
Religion, it is provided that no person whatsoever, pro- 
fessing to believe in Jesus Christ, shall be molested, for 
or in respect of his or her religion, or the free exercise 
thereof And undoubtedly preaching and teaching, is 
the free exercise of every Churchman's religion. And 
upon this I crave judgment." 

The Court decided that the charges of mutiny and 
sedition had not been proved. Gerrard, it was evident, 
was not a Roman Catholic at heart. 

After the compromise by Lord Baltimore with the 



136 The Founders of Maryland. 

Parliament Commissioners, he appointed Josias Fen- 
dall, Governor. On the 28th of February 1659, the 
Assembly convened at Thomas Gerrard's house, and 
on the first of March, the lower branch of the legisla- 
ture adjourned to the residence of Robert Slye, his son 
in-law, and declared itself the highest court of juris- 
diction in the Province. Gerrard and his fellow coun- 
cillor Utie, with the Governor, assented to this position, 
and the upper house ceased to sit as a distinct body, 
and the Assembly as the source of power issued com- 
missions. 

Soon after this republican movement, Gerrard seems 
to have changed his residence to Virginia.^ 

The Provincial Records contain an account of the 
hanging of a witch, in 1659, in the presence of John 
Washington the first American ancestor of George 
Washington, as he was coming from England. Wash- 

* He lived at Masttotick Creek, the southern boundary of West- 
moreland Co., Va. On March 3d 1670 he entered into a compact with 
his neighbors John Lee, Henry Corbin and Isaac Allerton, to build a 
banqueting house at or near their respective lands. 

John Lee was a relative of Col. Richard Lee a friend of Parliament 
during the civil war. Isaac Allerton graduated in 1650 at Harvard. 
His mother. Fear Brewster, was the wife of Isaac Allerton Sr. who 
came with her father, the leader of the Puritans, to Plymouth Rock in 
the May Flower. Hancock, the son of Richard Lee, married the 
daughter of Isaac A.llerton, thus, on the banks of the Potomac, at an 
early day, the families of those who were useful and faithful to the 
interests of the commonwealth of England intermarried. 

In the will of Thomas Gerrard dated Feb. 5, 1672, he expressed a 
wish to be buried in Maryland, by the side of his first wife Susanna 
Snow, and appointed Major Isaac Allerton, John Lee, and John Cooper 
to settle his estate. 

On Herrman's Map of Virginia and Maryland, engraved by 
Faithorne, drawn in 1670, Allerton's plantation is marked. 



Washington's Ancestors. 137 

ington complained to the authorities of Maryland 
against Edward Prescott for hanging a witch, and the 
proceedings of the Court were as follows : 

" Present October 5, 1659, at Mr. George Reade's 
house Josias Fendall Esq., Governor Philip Calvert 
Esq. Secretary, Capt. William Stone, Mr. Thomas 
Gerrard, Col. Nathaniel Utye, Mr. Baker Brooke, and 
Mr. Edward Lloyd. 

" Whereas John Washington^ of Westmoreland 
County hath made comp'* ag'st Edward Prescott, 
Merch't Accusing ye s'd Prescott of ffelony unto ye 
Gouvernor of this Province, alleging how that hee ye 

'J. L. Chester, Esq., of London, a careful investigator, has pointed 
out the mistake of Sparks, Irving and others in supposing that John 
Washington was the son of Lawrence of Sulgrave. 

General Washington in a letter to the Earl of Buchan states that 
his ancestors were related to the Fairfaxes. 

Henry Fairfax, Sheriff of Yorkshire, and Richard Washington 
married sisters, Anna and Eleanora Harrison of South Cave, York- 
shire. 

William, son of Henry Fairfax, became President of the Council of 
Virginia, and his daughter married Lawrence, the brother of General 
George Washington. Henry Washington had a son Richard, who 
was in Lincoln's Inn. (See Fairfaxes of America, Munsell, Albany, 
1868, p. 58.) 

Mr. Chester in a letter to me, writes of this Richard, as follows : " In 
reply to your inquiries about Henry Washington of South Cave, I am 
able to say that he did have a son Richard. Henry Washington was 
married to Eleanor Harrison in 1689 and this Richard was their eldest 
son, born the next year. His father died in 1718, and the widow 
lived in St. Andrews' Holborn, London. She had seven children, two 
were baptized at South Cave, and five at Doncaster or in London." 

It is probable that John Washington was one of the sons of Richard 
of Lincoln's Inn, and grandson of Henry, and that the Richard Wash- 
ington of London, with whom General George Washington frequently 
corresponded, was his cousin, and the son of another child of Richard 
of Lincoln's Inn. 

18 



138 The Founders of Maryland. 

s'd Prescott hanged a witch, on his ship, as hee was 
outward bound from England within the last yeare, 
upon wich complaynt of ye s'd Washington the Gov'r 
caused ye s'd Edward Prescott to bee arrested. Tak- 
ing bond for his appearance att this Provincial Court 
of 40,000 lbs. Tobacco. Gyving moreover notice to ye 
s'd Washington, by letter of his proceedings therein, 
a copie of wich I'tre, with the said Washington's an- 
swere thereto are as followeth : 

"Mr. Washington, Upon yo'r complaynt to mee y't 
Mr. Prescott did in his voyage from England hither 
cause a woman to bee executed for a witch, I have 
caused him be apprehended uppon suspition of ffelony 
and Pve intend to bind him over to ye Provincial 
Court to answer it, where I doe allso expect you to bee 
to make good ye charge. Hee will be called uppon 
his Tryal ye 4th or 6th of October next, at ye Court, 
to be held there at Patux't neare Mr Fenwick's 
house, where I suppose you will not fayle to bee. 
Witnesses examined in Virginia will bee of no value 
here in this case, for they must be face to face, with 
ye party accused, or they stand for nothing. I thought 
good to acquayntyou with this, that you may not come 
unprovided. 

" This at present S'" is all from 

Yo'r ffriend 

JosiAS Fendall. 

29'" September. 



A Witch Hung. 139 

" Hon'ble S'^ Yo" of this 29"" instant, this day I 
received. I am sorry y't my extraordinary occasions, 
will not permit me to bee at ye next Provincial Court 
to bee held at Mary Land ye 4*" of this next month. 

Because then, God willing, I intend to gett my 

young Sonne baptized.^ All ye company and Gossips^ 

being already invited. Besides in this short time wit. 

nesses cannot bee gott to come over. But if Mr. Pres- 

cott bee bound to answer at ye next Provinciall Court 

after this, I shall doe what lyeth in my power, to get 

them over. S"" I shall desire you for to acquayut mee, 

whether Mr. Prescott be bound over to ye next Court, 

and when ye Court is, that I may have sometime for 

to provide evidence. 

Yo'r ffriend & Serv't, 

30 Sept. 1659. John Washington. 

" To which complaint Edward Prescott submitting 
himself to trial, denied not, that one Elizabeth Rich- 
ardson was hanged on his ship, as he was outward 



' The Rev. Mr. Cole was the first clergyman on the Virginia side 
of the Potomac and at this time lived at Matschotick, Westmoreland, 
a near neighbor of the pioneer settlers Lee, Gerrard, Washington, 
and Isaac Allerton the grandson of William Brewster, the head of the 
Puritans of Plymouth Rock. 

" Gossips, sponsors for an infant in baptism from the Anglo-Saxon 
God and syh or sip kindred or affinity. Verstegan says, " Our Christ- 
ian ancestors understanding a spiritual affinity to grow between the 
parents, and such as undertook for the child at baptism, called each 
other by the name of God-sib, which is as much to say, as that they 
were sib together, that is of kin together through God." 



140 The Founders of Maryland. 

bound, the last year, from England, and near the "West 
Isles by Master John Greene, and the company, hung." 
No one appearing to deny this plea, that he was not 
responsible for the acts of Greene and his crew, the 
accused was discharged. 



THE CONDITION OF RELIGION FROM THE 
ACCESSION OF CHARLES THE SECOND UN- 
TIL A.D. 1700. 



X HE absence of towns, and the separation of plan- 
tations by numerous streams and dense forests were un- 
favorable to the upbuilding of churches. As there 
were no centres of population, the accession of Charles 
the Second found only one clergyman, who was more 
than sixty years of age, employed in the duties of his 
profession. 

The Society of Friends with their migratory evan- 
gelists of both sexes, discovered a field in Maryland, 
ripe for their labors. The non-conformists who came 
from Virginia, as they were not able in their scattered 
residences, to support a pastor, willingly listened to 
preaching of the Gospel, by the new sect developed by 
the agitations of the Cromwellian era. Among the 
earliest, to brave the discomforts of traveling in the 
wilderness, to speak of the love of Jesus, for sinful 
humanity, was Elizabeth Harris, the wife of a prosper- 
ous London merchant. After her return to England, 
a convert named Robert Clarkson wrote as follows : 

" Dear Heart : I salute thee in the tender love of the 
Father, which moved thee, towards us, and do own 



142 The Founders of Maryland. 

thee, to have been a minister by the good will of God, 
to bear outward testimony to the inward truth on me 
and others, even as many as the Lord in tender love 
and mercy, did give an ear to hear. Praise be to his 
name forever, of which and of life, God hath made my 
wife partaker with me, and hath established our hearts 
in his fear. And likewise, Ann Dorsey, in a more 
large measure; her husband I hope abideth faithful; 
likewise John Baldwin and Henry Carline. Charles 
Balye, the young man who was with us, at our parting, 
abides convinced, and several others,in these parts, where 
he dwells. Elizabeth Beaseley abides as she was, 
when thou wasthere. Thomas Cole and William Cole^ 
have made open confession of the truth, likewise 
Henry Woolchurch, and many others, suffer the 
reproachful name. William Fuller abides unmoved.^ 
I know not but that William Durand doth the like, 
he frequents our meeting but seldom. ***** We 
have disposed of the most part of the books which were 



' William Cole became a Quaker preacher and in 1663 was impri- 
soned at Jamestown for violating the statutes. Besse, vol. 3, p. 138. 

^ William Fuller was appointed on July 33, 1654, by the Agents of 
Parliament, with Richard Preston, William Durand, and others. Com- 
missioners for the government of Maryland. When Stone and his 
forces appeared on Sunday, March 35, 1655, Fuller at the head of one 
hundred and twenty men marched around the peninsula in the 
southern suburb of Annapolis, with the colors of the Commonwealth 
of England flying. A skirmish took place and the color-bearer was 
killed. This led to a short and sharp engagement in which the Balti- 
more party under Stone was completely routed, threw down their 
arms, and begged for mercy. 

In adopting the tenets of the Society of Friends, Fuller relinquished 
military exercises. 



Quaker Preachers. 143 

sent, so that all parts are furnished and every one that 
desires it, may liave benefit by them, at Herring Creek, 
Roade River, South River, all about Severn the Broad 
Neck and thereabout, the Seven Mountains, and Kent. 
With my dear love, I salute thy husband, and rest 
with thee and the gathered ones, in the eternal vs^ord, 
which abideth for ever." 

Thus in 1657, before the arrival of Cole and Thurs- 
ton, to which allusion has been made, the planting of 
Quakerism had commenced, and Preston, Berry and 
the more sober-minded citizens, listened gladly to the 
tenets of the society. 

In the autumn of 1663, Alice Ambrose^ and Mary 
Tomkins, were at the Cliffs of the Chesapeake, in Cal- 
vert County, having retreated from New England, 
where, says Bishop, they " suffered thirty-two stripes 
apiece, with a nine corded whip, three knots in each 
cord, being drawn up to the pillory, in such an uncivil 
manner, as is not to be rehearsed, with a running knot 
about their hands, the very first lash of which, drew 
the blood, and made it run down, in abundance, from 
their breasts.'' 

From thence, they wrote to George Fox, in England, 
telling him of their " good service and sufferings for 
the Lord." 

John Burnyeat of Cumberland, in 1665, was im- 
pelled to leave England, and visit Maryland, where he 



' Alice Ambrose afterwards married John Gary, supposed to liave 
been the son of the wife of Dr. Peter Sharpe, who was a widow Gary. 



144 The Founders of Maryland. 

held large meetings and " Friends were greatly com- 
forted, and several were convinced." In 1671, he 
made a second visit, accompanied by Daniel Gould of 
Rhode Island. One day in 1672, as he was about to 
sail for England, unexpectedly to all, a ship from Ja- 
maica appeared in the Patuxent river, having on 
board George Fox, whose name is so prominently 
identified with the religious history of the seventeenth 
century, and several other Quakers, one of whom was 
William Edmundson, a native of Westmoreland, and 
once a soldier in Cromwell's army. 

Feeling that his stay must be brief, the feet of Fox 
had scarcely touched the sands of the Patuxent before 
he began to preach. For four days he expounded his 
doctrines, with singular clearness, and with a voice 
remarkable for mellowness, prayed from the depths of 
his soul, and as a result, five or six justices of the 
peace, and many " world's people," who came from 
curiosity, went away from the meetings, much inter- 
ested. 

Partly by land, and partly by water, he hastened 
to the Clifis, in Calvert County, and addressed a large 
assembly, and then, crossing the Chesapeake Bay, 
crowds gathered to listen, and a judge's wife was frank 
to say " she had rather hear him once, than the priests 
a thousand times." 

Returning to the western shore, he spoke at the 
Severn, where the numbers were so great that no build- 
ing was large enough to hold the congregation. 



George Fox's Labors. 145 

The next da^'^ he was at Abraham Birkhead's, six or 
seven miles distant, and there the Speaker of the As- 
sembly was convinced ; then mounting his horse he 
rode to Dr. Peter Sharpe's at the Cliffs of Calvert. 
Here was a " heavenly meeting," many of the upper 
sort of people present, atid a wife of one of the Go- 
vernor's councillors was convinced. 

Some Roman Catholics came to deride bat they had 
no heart to oppose. From thence he rode eighteen 
miles to James Preston's, on the Patuxent, where an 
Indian chief and some of his tribe came to see the 
strange man who was lifting up his voice, like John 
the Baptist, in the wilderness. After a tonr to Vir- 
ginia and Carolina he came back to Preston's on the 
twenty-seventh of the eleventh month, 1072, and soon 
began to travel amid snow storms, to declare the truth 
in Christ, as he understood it. Taking a boat at the 
Cliffs, for the Eastern Shore, he was obliged to pass a 
night without lire. In Somerset Count}', he held a 
meeting at Anamessex, and then proceeded to Hun- 
ger's Creek, Little Choptank, Tredhaven, Wye, and 
to John Taylor's on Kent Island. 

His labors had been incessant ; neither wintry sleet 
nor the burning sun detained. He forded streams, 
slept in the woods, and in barns, with as much serenity, 
as in the comfortable houses of his friends, and was 
truly a wonder unto many. 

Before he returned to England, he rested a few days 
at the Cliffs, went up to Annapolis, attended the meet- 
19 



146 The Founders of Maryland. 

ing of the Provincial Assembly, and early in 1673, 
sailed for bis native land.^ 

Edmundson proceeded to iN'ortb Carolina, while Fox 
visited New England. In 1672 the former, upon his 
return, visited the valley of the James River, called 
upon Governor Berkeley and met witb Major General 
Richard Bennett, late Commissioner of Parliament 
for Maryland. He writes in his Journal : 

" As I returned, it was laid upon me to visit the 
Governor Sir William Barclay, and to speak with him 
about Friend's suiFerings. I went about six miles out 
of my way, to speak with him, accompanied by "William 
Garrett, an honest, ancient Friend. I told the Go- 
vernor, that I came from Ireland, where his brother 
was Lord Lieutenant, who was kind to our Friends ; 
and if he had any service for me to his brother, I would 
willingly do it; and as his brother was kind to our 
Friends in Ireland I hoped he would be so to our 
Friends in Virginia. 

" He was very peevish, and brittle, and I could fasten 
nothing on him, with all the soft arguments I could 

liq/i >t; >ii ^ sfs >ic ^ 

" The next day, was the men's meeting at William 
Wright's house, the justice [Taverner] went to the 
meeting, about eight or nine miles, and several other 

• After Fox arrived in England lie sent a copy of the Writings of 
Edward Burroughs to several gentlemen, among others to Judge 
Stevens and Justices Johnson and Coleman of Anamessex, Maryland, 
and to Major General Bennett, Lt. Col. Waters, and Col. Thomas Dew 
of Nansemond Co., Virginia. Boicden, vol. 1, p. 381. 



Major General Bennett. 147 

persona came to the meeting, particularly Richard 
Beuuett, alias Major General Bennett. Justice Tavern- 
er's wife came to me and told me that the Major General 
and others were below staying to speak with me ; so 
I went down to them. They were courteous, and said, 
they only stayed to see me, and acknowledge what I 
had spoken in the meeting, was truth. I told them, the 
reason of our Friends drawing apart from them, was 
to lay down a method, to provide for our poor widows, 
and fatherless children. ********* The 
Major General replied, he was glad to hear, there was 
such care and order among us. He further said, he 
was a man of great estate, and many of our Friends 
poor men ; therefore, he desired to contribute with 
them. He likewise asked me, how I was treated by 
the Governor ? I told him, that he was brittle and 
peevish, and I could get nothing fastened on him. 
He asked me 'If the Governor called me dog, rogue,' 
etc ? I said, ' No.' ' Then ' said he ' you took him in his 
best humor, those being his usual terms, when he is 
angry , for he is an enemy to every appearance of good.' 

" They were tender and loving, and we parted so, the 
Major General desiring to see me at his house, which 
I was willing to do, and accordingly went. 

" He was a solid, wise man, receiving the truth, and 
died in the same, leaving two Friends executors." 

Dr. Peter Sharpe of the Cliffs, whose name is per- 
petuated by Sharpe's Island, in the Chesapeake, in 
his will, made in 1672, says : " I give to Friends, in ye 



148 The Founders of Maryland. 

ministry, viz : Alice Gary, William Cole, and Sarah 
Mash, if then in being; Winlock Christeson and his 
wife, John Burnyeat, and Daniel Gould, in money or 
goods, at the choice of my executors, forty shillings 
worth apiece ; also for a perpetual standing, a horse 
for the use of Friends in ye Ministry, and to be placed 
at a convenient place for their use." 

The Wenlock Christeson of the will, or Christopher- 
son, is the same person, who when sentenced to death 
at Boston, uttered the memorable words : " For the last 
man that was put to death here, are five come in his 
room. If you have power, take my life from me, God 
can raise up the same principle in ten of his servants, 
and send them among you, in my room." 

In 1674, Christeson, with others, ask the Provincial 
Assembly for permission to afiirm, instead of taking 
the usual oaths prescribed by law. 

The Eev. John Yeo of the Church of England ap- 
pears in Maryland in 1675, and was disturbed by the 
movements of the Quakers, Mennonite Baptists, Roman 
Catholics and other non-conformists. From the Pa- 
tuxent, on the 25th of May, 1676, he wrote the following 
letter of lamentations to Sheldon, Archbishop of Can- 
terbury. 

" Most Reverend Father : Be pleased to pardon this 
presumption of mine, in presenting to y""" serious 
notice these rude and undigested lines, w"** (with hum- 
ble submission) are to acquaint y" Grace, with y* 
deplorable estate and condition of the Province of Mary- 
land, for want of an established ministry. 



Rev. John Yeo. 149 

" Here are in this Province ten or twelve thousand 
souls, and but three Protestant ministers of us, y* are 
conformable to j* doctrine and discipline of y' Church 
of England. 

" Others there are (I must confess) y' runne before 
they are sent, and pretend they are ministers of the 
Gospell, y' never had a legall call or ordination to 
such an holy office ; neither indeed are they qualified 
for it, being, for the most part, such as never under- 
stood anything of learning, and yet take upon them to 
be dispensers of the Word, and to administer y= Sacra- 
ment of Baptism ; and sow seeds of division amongst 
y' people, and no law provided for y* suppression of 
such in this Province, 

"Societj^hereisin great necessitieof able and learned 
men to comfort the gainsayers, especially having soe 
many profest enemies as the Popish Priests and Jesuits 
are who are incouraged and provided for. And y" 
Quaker takes care and provides for those y* are speakers 
in their conventicles; but noe care is taken, or provision 
made, for the building up Christians in the Protestant 
Religion ; by means whereof, not only many dayly 
fall away, either to Popery, Quakerism, or Fanati- 
cisme, but also the Lord's Day is prophaned, religion 
despised, and all notorious vices committed ; so that 
it is become a Sodom of uncleanness, and a pest house 
of iniquity. 

" I doubt not, but y*"" Grace will take it into consider- 
ation, and do y""" utmost for our eternall welfare ; and 



150 The Founders of Maryland. 

now is y time y' y'"' Grace may be an instrument of 
universall reformation, with greatest facility. Cecilius, 
Lord Barron Baltemore, and absolute Proprietor of 
Maryland being dead, and Charles Lord Barron Balte- 
more and our Governor being bound for England this 
year, as I nm informed, to receive a further confirma- 
tion of y Province from His Majestie, at w"'' time, 1 
doubt not, but y°' Grace may soe prevaile with, as y' 
a maintenance for a Protestant ministry may be es- 
tablished as well in this Province, as iu Virginia, Bar- 
bados, and all other His Majesties plantations in West 
Indies ; and then there will be encouragement for able 
men to come amongst us, and y*" some person may 
have power to examine all such ministers as shall be 
admitted into any county or parish, in w' Diocis, and 
by w* Bishop they were ordained, and to exhibit their 
I'rs of Orders to testitie the same, as y'l think the gene- 
ralitie of the people may be brought by degrees to a 
uniformitie ; provided we had more ministers y* were 
truly conformable to our mother y' Church, and none 
but such suflered to preach amongst us. As for my 
own p*, God is ray witness, I have done my utmost 
iudeavor in order thereunto, and shall (by God's as- 
sistance) whiles I have a being here, give manifest 
proof of my faithful obedience to the Canons and Con- 
stitution of our sacred mother. 

"Yet one thing cannot be obtained here, viz. Conse- 
cration of Churches and Church-yards, to y" end y* 
Christians might be decently buried together, whereas 



Few Roman Catholics. 151 

now, they bury in the several! plantations where they 
lived : unless y" Grace thought it sufficient to give a 
Dispensation to some pious ministers together with y= 
manner and forme, to doe the same. And confident 
I am y' you will not be wanting in any thing y' may 
tend most to God's glorie, and the good of the Church, 
by w°^ you will engage thousands of soules to pray for 
y" Grace's everlasting happiness." 

The Archbishop of Canterbury referred Yeo's let- 
ter to Compton, Bishop of London, who on the 17th 
of July, 1677, wrote : " In Maryland, there is no settled 
maintenance for the ministry at all, the want whereof 
does occasion a total want of ministers and divine 
worship, except among those of the Romish belief, 
who 'tis conjectured do not amount to one of a hun- 
dred of the people." 

Lord Baltimore to the application of the Bishop 
replied, that the Act of 1649, confirmed in 1676, tole- 
rated and protected every sect, and continued " Four 
ministers of the Church of England are in possession 
of plantations which ofl:'ered them a decent subsist- 
ence.^ That, from the various religious tenets of the 



* The Rev. Wm. Wilkinson died in 1663, and Francis Doughty 
was probably dead. The four ministers referred to were perhaps Tec ; 
Coode a political agitator ; the minister sent out by Charles the Second 
referred to in letter of Mary Taney, see page 160 ; and Matthew Hill. 
The last was a native of Yorkshire, educated at Magdalene College 
and Rector at Thirsk, but ejected by the Act of Uniformity. He came 
about 1669 to Charles County, Maryland. His father-in-law Walter 
Bayne had entered a tract of 5000 acres called Barbadoes, on the east 
side of the main fresh run of Port Tobacco creek. Calaniy says, after 
he was settled and had bright hopes " new troubles arose. He was a 
good scholar, a lively preacher, and of a free and generous spirit." 



152 The Founders of Maryland. 

members of the Assembly, it would be extremely diffi- 
cult, if not impossible, to induce it to consent to a law, 
that shall oblige any sect to maintain other ministers, 
than its own." 

Yeo does not appear to have been remarkable for 
learning, or Christian charity.^ In December, 1677, 



* The following letter is preserved among the New York MS. Re- 
cords at Albany, addressed " To Mr. Henry Smith at Capt. Greges his 
house, present These at N. Yorke." 

Whorekill, November the 14th, 1678. 
"Worthy Sir, 

Yours of the 5th 1 Rec'd the 7th Instant in -W^^ you desired me 
■ to minde Capt. Avery, to swear the Evidences, that these depositions 
might be sent to you ; in order to your desire, I did the same day write 
a warrant, and Carried it myselfe to Avery, and he signed it and Im- 
ediately I ride w^^ it to the Sherieffe who w'^^ all expedition served 
it upon most of the evidences, but the day before they were to appeare 
to give in there Testimony, the s'd Avery came to your house, and did 
abuse me at a very high Rate & Thretning to send me to Yorke to 
answer w* I had done, viz., written a warrant •w'^^ did, as he said, 
properly belong to the clerke's office for bringing it to him to signe 
when he was as he pretended Drunke (to his Creditt be it spoken) at 
■W^^ time, he absolutely refused to examine any evidence, unless it 
were by express order of the Governor, notwithstanding the warrant 
was for them, to give in there Evidence, in the behalfe of our Sov- 
raigne Lord, the king and Avery did then take away the warrant and 
Toare his name out it, neither would he Returne it any more to the 
sherife, but I w'^^ much Intreaty and some thretning gott a Coppy of 
it Attested, a Coppy of w*^*^ I have sent you. 

Avery is very greate with Helms & there gauge : there is never a 
Barrell the better Herring amongst severall of them, they are very 
Briske againe now, since the sloop brought noe order for there coming 
to Yorke ; and now Helms saith, that all y** men in the Countrey shall 
never gett him to Yorke. Avery sideing with them, you are daily 
abused, and I am counted amongst them, the worst of men. Helms 
cannot leave his Tricks yet, for when M"^ Clark's Goods came down, 
out of i doz. Reapehooks he Borrowed six, for he left not one ; he 
kept them severall dayes, till at last old Tom told Clarke's serv'ts that 
his M"" had them, and went and fetched y** hooks to them. 



Yeo's Certificate. 153 

he moved from the Patuxent to Whorekill, what is 
now called Lewes, in Delaware, and there became in- 
volved in local disputes. The following certificate 
dated March 28, 1678, was given by the Court, on the 
Delaware. 

"John Yeo, minister, being lately arrived out of 
Maryland, appeared in Court, and exhibited and pro- 
duced his letters of ordination and license to read 
divine service, administer the holy sacraments, and 
preach the word of God according to the laws and con- 
stitution of the Church of England. 

" The Court accepts said John Yeo, upon the appro- 
bation of his honor the Governor, to be maintained 
by the free willing gifts, whereunto, the said John 
Yeo declared himself contented." 

In 1680 he was arraigned for mutinous expressions 
against the Duke of York, the town and the Court, 
but was acquitted. After this he appears to have re- 
turned to Calvert County, Maryland, and from thence, 

He hath also lately bought lioggs * * * * ■>• * * * -» he did one 
the 14th of the last month declare before some people y' y<^ king did 
allow dutch waights and measures to pass in this countrey, but the 
Governor did cheate the countrey of it, yv'^^ of y« Scurrolous speeches 
ye 26"i of S^"^. The day after our arrivall at y^ Whorekill sold 
Corn^ the Clark's place for one quart of wine, at M'' Vines his house 
& one the Tuesday after he acted as clarke at y« Court. I heartily 
long to see you home and then I doubt not but all will be well. M'^^ 
Smith presents her Affections to you, she is mightily troubled at your 
absence. I have seen very few women Grieve more for the death of A 
husband, than she grieves for your Long absence, Espetially in that 
you came not with tlie sloops. Thus not doubting, but that you will 

in a short time all your Euimies and Returne victorious, I 

am, Sir, Your Ready friend and Serv't, John Yeo." 

20 



154 The Founders of Maryland. 

in 1682, went to Baltimore County where, about the 
year 1686, he died. 

Another form of Christian faith was planted in 
Maryland, in 1680, and the Province became the rival 
of Holland, in varieties of religious belief, and to it 
were applicable the lines of Andrew Marvell, written 
concerning Amsterdam. 

" Sure, when Religion, did itself embark 

And from the East, would Westward steer its bark, 

It struck ; and splitting on this unknown ground, 

Each one thence pillaged the first piece he found ; 

Hence, Amsterdam, Turk, Christian, Pagan, Jew, 

Staple of sects, and mint of schism grew ; 

That bank of conscience, where not one, so strange 

Opinion, but finds credit and exchange, 

In vain for Catholics, ourselves we bear, 

The Universal Church is only there." 
The visionary but pure-minded priest Labadie, after 
he withdrew from the Church of Rome, urged some 
peculiar views, which were not acceptable to the Re- 
formed Churches, and after much persecution, he and 
his adherents were sheltered in Friesland, a province 
of the Netherlands. 

In 1679 Danker and Sluyter were sent by the La- 
badists to select a site for a colony in North Ame- 
rica. Arriving at Manhattan, now 'New York City, 
on October the twentieth, they became acquainted with 
Ephraim Herrman, clerk of the Court of Newcastle 
and Upland on the Delaware River, and son of Au- 
gustine Herrman, the proprietor of Bohemia Manor, 
in Maryland. 



Labadists Arrive. 155 

With him, these delegates descended the Delaware, 
passed Tacony, a Swedish settlement, now a suburb 
of Philadelphia, and rested on Tinicum Island, a few 
miles below that city. 

While the Labadists were neat in dress, frugal in 
living, and like the Quakers depended much upon 
the inspiration of the Holy Spirit, yet there was no 
affinity between these religionists. Danker, in his 
journal, says, that while he was at a Swede's house, 
on the Island, " there arrived three Quakers, of whom 
one was the great prophetess, who travels through 
the whole country, in order to quake. She lives in 
Maryland, and forsakes husband and children, planta- 
tion, and all, and goes off for this purpose. She had 
been to Boston,^ and was there arrested by the au- 
thorities, in account of her quaking." 

On the 1st of December, the Labadists arrived at 
the plantation of Caspar, another son of Herrman, 
situated between the Delaware River and Chesapeake 
Bay. From thence they went to Augustine Herr- 
man's, " the uppermost plantation of Maryland, that 
is as high up as it is yet inhabited by Christians."^ 

Danker, on Sunday, the 30th of December, 1679, 
writes in his journal : 

" Augustine is a Bohemian and formerly lived in 
the Manathaus, and had possession of farmsaud planta- 



' Perhaps Alice Gary, see page 143. 

^ Augustine Herrman a native of Prague came to Manhattan about 
1649 as clerk or factor to the brothers Gabri. In 1650 he was one of 
the selectmen of Manhattan. 



156 TyiE Founders of Maryland. 

tions, but for some reason, I know not what, disagree- 
ing with the Dutch Governor Stuyvesant, he repaired 
to this phice, which is hiid down upon a complete 
map which he lias made of Maryland and Virginia, 
where he is very well acquainted, which map he has 
dedicated to the King.^ 

" In consequence of his having done the people a 
great service, he has been presented with a tract of 
land often hundred or twelve hundred acres, which 
he knowing where the best land is, has chosen up 
here, and given it the name Bohemia." 

He adds : " He was very miserable both iti body 
and soul. His plantation was going much into decay, 
as well as his body, for want of attention. There was 
not a Christian man to serve him, as the term is, but 
only negroes."^ 

On another page, speaking of the children, he 
writes : " They are all of a Dutch mother, after whose 
death, the father married an English woman, the most 
willful and despicable creature that can be found. He 



' The Map alluded to is called " Virginia and Maryland as it ia 
planted aud inhabited this present year 1670 ; surveyed and exactly 
drawne by the only labours and endeavours of Augustine Herrman, 
Bohemiensis." 

It was the only map engraved by Faithorne who was distinguished 
for crayon portraits, and delicate copper plate engraving. The only 
one I have ever seen, is in the British Museum. It is in four folio 
sheets, and at the bottom, has a portrait of Herrman. Lately the state 
of Virginia has had a reduced copy, printed by the litho-photographic 
process. 

" Negroes were considered infidels, and not allowed to be baptized, 
as baptism was supposed to give freedom to slaves. The Assembly of 
1715 enacted the following : 



The Herrman Family. 157 

is a very godless person, and the wife by her wicked- 
ness has compelled all the children to leave the father's 
house and live elsewhere." 

Several of the children embraced the tenets of Laba- 
die.^ After Danker returned to Manhattan, he wrote 
that Ephraim Herrman was on a visit, and with his 
wife rejoicing in their faith. Under date of the 4th of 
June he writes: "Visited by Ephraim and one Peter 
Beyaert, a deacon of the Dutch Church, a very good 
soul, whom the Lord had begun to trouble and en- 
lighten." 

Danker and Sluyter returned to Friesland and a 
colony was organized to proceed to Maryland. The 



" Forasmuch as many people have neo-lected to baptize their negroes, 
or to safifer them to be baptized, on a vague apprehension, that negroes 
by receiving sacrament of baptism are manumitted or set free. 

" Be it, hereby, further declared, and enacted, that no negro or negroesi 
by receiving the holy sacrament of baptism, is thereby manumitted or 
set free, nor hath any right or title to manumission, more than he or 
they had before, any law, usage, or custom to the contrary notwith- 
standing." 

' He was married on Dec. 10, 1650, to a Dutch woman at Manhattan, 
and she had the following children 

Ephraim George baptized Sept. 1, 1653. 
Caspar " July 2, 1656. 

Anna Magaritta " March 2, 1658. 
Judith " May 7, 1660. 

Fraucina " March 13, 1663. 

By an Act of the Maryland Assembly in 1666, these were all natu- 
ralized . 

Anna Margaritta married Matthias Vanderhuyden, and her daughter 
Anna Francina, became the second wife of Edward Shippen a wealthy 
Quaker of Philadelphia, who in 1675, had been whipped on Boston 
Common, for speaking against the established religion. A descendant 
of this Edward Shippen was the wife of Benedict Arnold, the traitor 
to the American cause during the war of the Revolution. 



158 The Founders of Maryland. 

company arrived in New York on the 27th of July, 
1683. Deacon Peter Bayard the hatter and nephew 
of Governor Stuyvesant, leaving his family, united 
with them. 

On the 11th of August, 1684, Augustus Herrman 
makes a deed, conveying certain lands to Peter Sluyter, 
Joseph Dankaerts, Petrus Bayard of New York, John 
Moll and Arnold de la Grange of Delaware. 

The Labadist colony, like all communist organiza- 
tions, had a brief existence. Bownas, as a Quaker 
preacher, describes a visit to it, in 1702: 

" When supper came in, it was placed upon a long 
table, in a large room, where, when all things were 
ready, about twenty men or upwards came in, at a 
call, but no women. 

"We all sat down, they placing me and my companion 
near the head of the table, and having paused a short 
space, one pulled off his hat, but not the rest till a 
short space after ; and then one after another they all 
pulled their hats off, and as that occurred sat silent, 
uttered no words that we could hear, for half or quarter 
of an hour ; and as they did not uncover at once, so 
did not they cover again, at once, but, as they put on 
their hats, fell to eating, not regarding those who were 
still uncovered, so that it might be two minutes' time, 
or more, between the first and last putting off their 
hats. 

"I, afterward, queried with my companion concerning 
the reason of their conduct, and he gave, for this an- 



Labadist Settlement. 159 

8wer, that they held it unlawful to pray, till they felt 
some inward motive for the purpose, and that secret 
prayer was more acceptable than to utter words. 

"I, likewise, queried, ' If they had no women among 
them ?' He told me they had, hut the women all by 
themselves; having all things in common, respect- 
ing their household affairs, so that none could claim 
any more right than another to any part of the stock. 
All men, whether rich or poor, must put what they had 
in the common stock, and likewise, if they had a mind 
to leave, they must go out empty handed.' 

"They frequently expound the Scriptures among 
themselves ; and being a very large family, in all up- 
ward of one hundred men, women, and children, they 
carried on the manufacturing of linen, and had a very 
large plantation of corn, tobacco, flax and hemp, to- 
gether with cattle of several kinds." 

In 1681, a sum of money was paid out of the secret 
service fund of the king for the payment of the passage 
of the Rev. Jonathan Sanders, to Maryland ;^ and in 
1683 the Rev. Duel Pead^ and William Mullett were 
designated for labor'in the Province. 



' There is among tlie Britisli Public Records a recommendation of 
the Rev. Ambrose Sanderson by the Privy Council dated Oct. 8th, 1681, 
as a suitable minister for Protestant subjects, addressed to the Proprie- 
tary of Maryland, but there is no evidence that lie came to America 
nor do we find any mention of Jonathan Saunders. 

" In Westminster Abbey on April 18, 1663, Paul Thorndyke, son of 
John Thorndyke of New England, aged twenty, ancestor of the Ameri- 
can family ; and, Duell Pead, one of the King's scholars about sixteen 
years of age, was baptized by the Dean, publicly, in the font, then 



IfiO TiiK FAniNTOKHs OF Mauyland. 

Ill 1685, a(icor(liiii( to a letter of Mury Tnney, wife 
of tlie syicrifT'of ('alvert County, the ancestor of the 
lato (liatingnialied ('hief Jnatico of the tTnit(>(] States 
of America, there wns no Church of Knejland minister 
then residing in her vicinity. Under (hite of the 14th 
of July she wrote to tlie Arclihislioj) of (^iuiteriuiry. 

" May it please your Gnice ; I am now to r(>peat my 
request to your (Jrace, for a <diurch in the place of 
Maryland where I live ; hut first I hutuhly thank your 
Grace, that you were pleased to iienr so favoral>ly, 
and own my desires very reasoua))ie, and to encourage 
the inhahitants to make a petition to th(> King. 

Our want of a minister, ami the many hiessings our 
Saviour designed us hy them, is a misery, which T aiid 
a nuuKU'ous family, and many otluu's in Maryland, 
have groaned uiuler. We are seized with extreme 
horror when we think, that for want of the Gospel 
our diildren and posterity are in danger to he con- 
demned to infidelity or to npostacy. We do not ques- 
tion (^od's care of us, hut think your Grace, and the 
Right Reverend, your Bishops, the proper instruments 

n«iwly flfit. up." In \(tCA lie w«r r mfmlxT of Trinity CoUvgc, Cam- 
bTidjro. and in IfiTl wns Chaplain on hoard II. M. ship Kuport, 
Ainony the rntrirs in thr Caindon Society's volume entitled " Secret 
Services of ('has. II an<l .Iam<-.s II " nnd<>r date of 14 June, 1083, is the 
payment of i;20 to Duell Pead, ('h-rk, bounty to Iiim for tlte cliar^^e of 
his transportation to Maryhind." If he ever came to America, lie did 
not lonjj; remain, for in 1(501 lie wa.s licensed as Curate or Minister of 
St. .lames, Clerkenvrell. See ChfMcr'x WeMminMfr Ahhey /irffixterti. 
He had a son Deuel, wlio in 1712, received the decree of A.M. from 
('ambridjjre Tlniversity, and was probably the clerprynian who was 
settled at AnnajK)Iis, Maryland, and also i>reac.hed in Virpfinia. 



Mary Taney'k Vlka. 101 

of fto ^reat a hlessing to ns. Wo nm not, J hope, so 
foreign to your jurisdiction, but we may be f>wned 
yotrr stray floek ; bowever, tbe commission to go, and 
baptize, and teacli all nations, is b'lrge enongb. But 
I am sure we are, by a late custom upon to}>acco, 
sufficiently acknowledged subjects of tbe King of 
"England, and therefore by bis protection, not only our 
persons and estates, but of wbat is more dear to us, 
OUT religion. I qtrestion not but that your Grace is 
sensible, tbat without a temple it will be impracticable, 
neither can we expect a minister to hold out, to ride 
ten miles in a morning, and before he can dine, ten 
more, and from house to house, in hot weather, will 
dishearten a minister, if not kill him. 

Your Grace is so sensible of our sad condition, and 
for your place and piety's sake, have so great an in- 
fluence on oor most religious and gracious King, that 
if 1 liad not your Grace's promise to depend tipon, I 
oonld not question your Grace's intercession and pre- 
vailing. £500 or £600 for a church, with some small 
encouragement for a minister, will be extremely less 
charge, than honor, to his Majesty. 

One church settled according to the Church of* Eng- 
land, which is the sum of our request, will prove a 
nursery of" religion and loyalty through the whole Pro- 
vince. But your Grace needs no arguments from me, 
but only this, it is in your power to give us many happy 
opportunities to praise God for this and innumerable 
mercies, and to importune His goodness, to bless his 
21 



162 The Founders of Maryland. 

Majesty, with a long and prosperous reign over us, 
and long continue to your Grace, the great blessing of 
being an instrument of good to his Church. And now 
that I may be no more troublesome, I humbly entreat 
your pardon to tVie well meant zeal of 

Your Grace's I'nost obedient servant, 

Mary Taney. 

Accompanying this letter was the foil owing Petition : 

" To the Most Reverend the Archbishops, and the 
rest of the Right Reverend the Bishops, the humble 
petition of Mary Taney, on the behalf of herself and 
others his Majesty's subjects inhabitants of the Province 
of Maryland. 

" Sheiveth, That your petitioner in her petition to the 
King's Majesty, setting forth That the said Province, 
being without a church or any settled ministry, to the 
great grief of all his Majesty's loyal subjects there, his 
late Majesty, King Charles the Second of blessed 
memory, was graciously pleased to send over thither, 
a minister, and a parcel of Bibles, and other church 
books of considerable value, in order to the settlement 
of a church and ministry there. 

" That the said minister dying, and the inhabitants 
who have no other trade but in tobacco, being so very 
poor that they are not able to maintain a minister, 
chiefly by reason of his Majesty's customs, here upon 
tobacco, which causes the inhabitants to sell it there, 
to the merchants, at their own rates. By means 
whereof so good a work as was intended by his said 



Rev. Paul Bertrand. 163 

late Majesty is like to miscarry, to the utter ruin of 
many poor souls, unless supplied by his Majesty. 

" Praying his Majesty, that a certain parcel of tobacco, 
of one hundred hogsheads or thereabouts, of the growth 
or product of the said Province, may be custom free, 
for and towards the maintenance of an orthodox divine, 
at Culvert Town, in the said Province, or otherwise 
allow maintenance for a minister there. 

"Your petitioner, therefore, most humbly prays, that 
your Lordships will be pleased, not only to mediate 
with his Majesty and in your petitioner's behalf request 
him to grant her desire in such petition, but likewise, 
that your Lordships will vouchsafe to contribute to- 
wards the building of a church at Colvert Town, as 
your Lordships in charity and goodness shall think 
meet." 

A little while after this petition was received, on 
the 29th of September, 1685, a sum of money was 
given from the secret service fund of the King, to 
defray the passage of the Rev. Paul Bertrand to Mary- 
land. 

There is preserved the report of this clergyman 
dated the 12th of September, 1689, written in French, 
addressed to the Bishop of London, which describes 
the condition of religion in the province at that tirae.^ 

Year after year the members of the Society of 
Friends increased, and were respected. In a reply to 



' See Stevens's Catalogue of Manuscripts presented by George 
Peabody to Maryland Historical Society. 



164 The Founders of Maryland. 

a petition, that Quakers might be allowed to affirm, in 
the place of taking the usual oath, the Upper House 
of the Assembly on the 6th of September, 1681, took 
the following action : 

" Upon reading the paper, delivered yesterday, by 
William Berry and Richard Johns,' this House do say ; 
That if the rights and privileges of a free born English- 
man, settled on him by Magna Oharta, so often con- 
firmed by subsequent parliaments, can be preserved by 
yea, and nay, in wills and testaments, and other occur- 
reuts, the Lower House may do well to prepare such a 
law, and that the Upper House will consider of it." 

Subsequently, the Quakers presented an able and 
logical argument for a change in the law concerning 
oaths. It opened with the following dignified and 
eloquent preamble : " We are Englishmen ourselves, 
and free born, although in scorn commonly called 
Quakers, and therefore, so far from desiring the least 
breach of Magna Ch^rta or of the least privilege be- 
longing to a free-born Englishman, that we had rather 
Bufler many degrees more than we do, if it was possible, 
than willingly admit of the least violation of those 
ancient rights and liberties, which are indeed our 
birth-right and so often confirmed to us, by subsequent 
Parliaments. And had we not been full well assured 
that our sufferings may be redressed, and our request 
granted, without the violating of Magna Charta in the 
least degree, we would not have desired it." 

' Richard Johns was a distant relative ot the founder of Johns 
Hopkins University at Baltimore. 



William Penn's Arrival. 165 

The argument bad a good effect, aud the Lower 
House of the Assembly voted for a modification of the 
statute, but Lord Baltimore did not give his approval. 

The period was arriving when the cause of the 
Quakers was to receive a powerful impulse. As 
William Penn, the son of a British Admiral, in early 
life a student at Oxford and Paris, heard of the 
oppression of his fellow religionists, under the statutes 
of Maryland and Virginia, he conceived the project of 
" a free colony for all mankind," wherein entire liberty 
of conscience should be allowed. 

From the hour that Penn made his treaty under the 
shade of the elm trees on the Delaware, Quakerism was 
more respected. 

The men that began to build on the rectangular 
streets of the newly surveyed city of Philadelphia, 
were industrious, and glad to welcome as sharers in 
the municipal government, the Jew or the Turk, the 
Calvinist or Roman Catholic. 

!N"ot long after he sailed up the Delaware he pro- 
ceeded to visit the societies of Friends on the tri- 
butaries of the Chesapeake. Subsequently he made a 
second visit and conducted Lord and Lady Baltimore* 
to a religious meeting at Tred Haven. Richardson, 
who was one of the preachers, describes Lady Balti- 
more, as " a notable, wise, natural, aud courteously 
carriaged woman." 



' Lady Baltimore had been the widow of Henry Sewall of Patuxent, 
one of the councillors of the Province. 



166 The Founders of Maryland. 

After Penn's return to England, Quakerism was 
strengthened in America, by the arrival of Thomas 
Story, another man of cultivated intellect. He had 
received in England a complete education, and was 
not only a proficient in Greek and mathematics, but 
also skilled in the arts of music and fencing. His asso- 
ciations in youth were with an excessive ritualism. 
The church he attended conformed to the "new fan- 
gleism" that crept back again to the Chur( h of England 
in the days of Archbishop Laud. For a time he was 
very zealous in the observance of rubrics, but in time 
they became a burden, and at length he bounded over 
to that Society of Friends, which well nigh forgot that 
man was a compound of flesh and spirit, and demanded 
a few expressive rites. 

Having studied law, Story came to Pennsylvania, 
was made Master of the Rolls and Keeper of the Great 
Seal, and subsequently Mayor of the city of Phila- 
delphia.^ 

On the 27th of the 3d month, 1699 0. S., he attended 
the yearly meeting of the Quakers at West Eiver, 
County, Maryland, in company with a distinguished 
physician of Philadelphia, whom Penn called, " tender 
Griffith Owen." On the 13th of the next month Story 
says in his journal, " came one Henry Hall, a priest 
of the Church of England, and with others of his motion 
eaves-dropped the meeting, but came not in." Richard 



1 Story, in 1706, married a daughter of Edward Shippen of Phila- 
delphia. 



Story, Quaker Preacher. 167 

Johns, a prominent member of the meeting, then arose, 
and made the following confession of faith. 

" We believe that the Lord Jesus Christ, who was 
born of the Virgin Mary, being conceived by the pro- 
mise and influence of the Holy Ghost, is the true Mes- 
siah or Saviour ; that he died upon the cross at 
Jerusalem, a propitiation and sacrifice for the sins of 
all mankind; that he rose from the dead on the third 
day, ascended, and seated on the right hand of the 
Majesty on high, making intercession for us ; and in 
the fulness of time shall come to judge both the living 
and the dead, and reward all according to their work. " 

The next day the clergyman and his friends again 
lurked near the meeting, and Story says: 

" My companion in his testimony apprehending they 
were within hearing, cried aloud to them to come forth 
out of their holes, and appear openly like men, and if 
they had anything to say, after meeting was over, they 
should be heard." 

Story next challenged them to prove their call to 
the ministry," which they, taking upon them to do, only 
told us that Christ called the apostles, and they ordained 
others, and they again others in succession to that time." 

Then Story demanded proof " who they were that 
the apostles ordained, and who from age to age suc- 
cessors ordained, wherein if they justly failed they 
were to be rejected as no ministers of Ciirist, since they 
had rested the matter on such a succession." " Many 
people," contiuuesthejournal," called out to theclergy- 



168 The Founders of Maryland. 

man. ' We will pay you the tobacco, being obliged 
by law, that is forty pounds of tobacco for every negro 
slave, but we will never hear you more.' While we 
were yet in the gallery one climbed up into a window, 
and cried out with a loud voice to Henry Hall, ' Sir, 
you have broken a canon of the Church ; you have 
baptized several negroes, who being infidels, baptism 
ought not to have been administered to them.' 

" At this the priest was enraged, but made no 
answer to the charge, only fumed and fretted and 
threatened the man to trounce him. 

"Then I observed to the people that if these negroes 
were made Christians in this sense, members of 
Christ, children of God, inheritors of the kingdom of 
heaven, received into the body of the Church of Christ, 
as the language is at the time of sprinkling, how could 
they now detain them longer as slaves ? Several 
justices of the peace being ashamed of their priest, 
slid out of the meeting as unobservable as might be, 
and the people in general contemned them as such, 
who behind the back of the Quakers had greatly re- 
proached and belied them, but face to face were 
utterly subdued by them. That night several of the 
justices, lodging with our friend Samuel Chew,^ ex- 
pressed their sentiments altogether in our favor, and 

' Samuel Chew was the son of Samuel Chew of Chewton, Somer- 
setshire, England. He was a physician and became Chief Justice of 
Delaware. His son Benjamin, was born on West River in 1722, studied 
law at the Inner Temple, London, and ultimately became the Chief 
Justice of Pennsylvania. 



Sir Thomas Lawrence. 169 

the priests were really ignorant men in matters of 
religion." 

Sir Thomas Lawrence/ the Secretary of the colony, 
wincing under the plain arguments of Story, com- 
plained of what he called the tart expressions of the 
Quaker, to the Lords of Trade and Plantations. 
William Penn being in England, his attention was 
called to the subject, to which he alludes in a letter to 
a friend : 

"A silly knight ! Though I hope it comes of offi- 
cious weakness, the talent of the gentleman, with some 
malice. Matters there are never attacked by Thomas 
Story, nor in irreverent tones. 

" I never heeded it, only said, that if the gentleman 
had sense enough for his office, he might have known 
this tale was no part of it, that Thomas Story was dis- 
creet and temperate, and did not exceed in his retorts 
and returns. 

" But 'tis children's play to provoke a combat and 
then cry out that such a one beats them ; that I hoped 
they were not a committee of conscience and religion, 
and that it showed the shallowness of the gentleman 
that played the busybody in it." 

At the commencement of the eighteenth century 
the Quakers exercised a powerful influence in the 
colonies. Men were forced to admit, that they were 
keepers at home, industrious, intelligent, not given to 

' Sir Thomas Lawrence, son of Sir Jolin, B't, having spent all his 
estate was made Secretary of Maryland in 1696 and in 1713, died 
there.— iVo^es a7id Queries, Dec. 27, 1873. 
22 



170 The Founders of Maryland. 

wine or brawling, cleauly in their habits, and honest 
in their commercial transactions. 

The yearly meeting of the Society was eagerly looked 
for by all classes. Edmundson well observed, " Yearly 
meeting in Maryland, many people resort to it and 
transact a deal of trade with one another, so that it is 
a kind of market or change, where the captains of ships 
and the planters meet and settle their affairs, and this 
draws abundance of people." Occurring as it did near 
the Whitsuntide holidays, the black slaves flocked 
thither to enjoy rest for a few days from the exhaust- 
ing labors of the tobacco field. Families from the 
diflPerent counties rolled there, in ponderous old- 
fashioned carriages for the purpose of social reunion, 
young men came on fine horses, to compare them and 
give a trial of their speed, and others went to confer 
with the beautiful and pure minded maidens, who, in 
their plain drab dresses and scooped bonnets, were to 
them far more interesting than the angels, who seemed 
cold and distant, because they had neither flesh nor 
blood. 

The accession of James the Second to the throne of 
England, although he was in religious sympathy with 
Charles Lord Baltimore, brought trouble to the Pro- 
prietary of Maryland. 

The King, fond of arbitrary power, determined to 
make all of his colonial governments directly depend- 
ent upon the Crown, and in April, 1687, ordered a 
writ of quo warranto to be issued against the charter 
of Maryland, but before there could be a hearing of 



First Printing Press. 171 

the ease, James was an exile, and William and Mary 
by the revolution of 1688 ascended the throne. 

Taking advantage of the new order of affairs in Eng- 
land, John Coode a clergyman, the Titus Gates of 
Maryland, described as a " democratic Ferguson in 
principles of government, an Hobbist or worse in 
principles of religion," became the leader of the party 
in the Province in favor of abrogating the charter. 

In April, 1689, was formed " an association in arms 
for the defence of the Protestant religion, and for as- 
serting the rights of King William and Queen Mary 
to the province of Maryland and all the English 
dominion." 

A statement was printed for them, by Richard Nut- 
head at Saint Mary, a copy of which is preserved in 
the British Museum Rbrary, affording the first evidence 
of a printing press in Maryland. 

After the accession of William and Mary, the King 
of England appointed the Governors of Maryland. 
Lionel Copley was in 1691 commissioned as Governor, 
and soon after his arrival an Act for the establishment 
of the Protestant religion was passed, and the ten 
counties divided into twenty parishes. 

The opposition of the Quakers was so great that the 
law was a dead letter. After the death of Copley, in 
1694, Nicholson became Governor, and with him, there 
came in the month of August, six clergymen,^ making 

1 Dickinson, a Quaker preacher, under date of 8tli llmo, 1695 0. S., 
writes at tlie Downs : 

" Several priests were going over into Maryland Laving heard that 



172 'J'llM KOUNDKIJS OF MaKYLANI). 

the wlioh' iiuiubor in llio J'rovineo, nine. Ilo 8uc- 
ccetU'd in passing- a law lorbidtlinL;- public worship to 
Konian Catholics, but in 1G95, under the influence of 
Quakers and Romanists, (he invidious legislation was 
repealeil, but the very next year it was enacted, that 
the ('hurch of England in (he Province, shouKl enjoy 
nil (he rights, establisiied by law, in the kingdom of 
England, and it \vas,proi)Osed (hat a ]>ishop should bo 
a[)}»oin(ed, who should, as a representative of the clergy, 
liave a seat in the Upper House of the Assembly. 

The Kev. Dr. Thomas Bray, who had in 169G been ap- 
pointed Commissary for the clergy-, in company with 
Sir Thomas Lawrence, Secretary of Maryland, waited 
on Anne, the Princess of Denmark, to request her ac- 
cep(ancc ofthe respect shown her by naming the capital 
of Maryland, Annapolis. Bray having received ado- 
nation for libraries from the Princess, he presented books 
to (he amount of £400 to the capital. Some of these 
books are still on the shelves of the library of St. John's 
College in that eity, and on the covers is stamped " De 
Bibliotheca Aunapolitana.^ In March, 1700, Bray 
arrived and preached before the legislative Assem- 

tho Govornmont had laid a tax of forty pounds of tobacco on oacli iu- 
hnbitant for tho advancement of tho priest's wages." 

Tlioso wore probably tho clorjjynicn recently ordained at Salut 
Paul's Cathedral, London. 

In 1G98 a llev. Mr. Gaddos was at Annapolis, and Ki'v. C'hs. Il'y 
Hall at Herring: Croek. 

' The following is from tho book of !St. .lames Parish : " 1098. Books 
received ye llev. Ch's H'y Hall May. A Catalogue of books be- 
longing to ye library of St. James Parish in Ann Arundel Co., sent by 
yo Kev. Dr. Bray, and marked thus " beU)nging to yc library of Her- 
ring Creoke, Ann Arundel County." 



Parochial Libraries. 173 

blj at Annapolis. At this session, it was reenacted, 
that the Church of England should be the established 
church of Maryland. As before, the Quakers used 
their influence with the King, to prevent, while Pr. 
Bray went back to England to secure, its approval. 

The biographer of Bray writes : " Though the law, 
with much solicitation and struggling, was preserved 

The following parochial libraries were sent to Maryland by Dr. 
Bray in the course of a few years. 

BookB 

Annapolis, 1095 

St. Mary's, 314 

Herring Creek, 150 

South River, 109 

North Sassafras, 43 

King and Queen's Parish, 196 

Christ Church, Calvert County, 43 

All Saints,. 49 

St. Paul's, Calvert County, 106 

Great Choptank, Dorchester C' unty, 76 

St. Paul's, Baltimore " 43 

Stepney, Somerset " 60 

Porto Batto, Charles " 30 

St. Peter's, Talbot " 10 

St. Michael's " 15 

All Faith's, Calvert " 11 

Nanjemoy, Charles " 10 

Piscatow^ay, " " 10 

Broad Neck, Ann Arundel " 10 

St. John's, Baltimore " 10 

St. George's, " " 10 

Kent Island, 10 

Dorchester, 10 

Snow Hill, Somerset " 10 

South Sassafras, 10 

St. Pa Ill's, Kent County, 35 

William and Mary, Charles County, 26 

Somerset, Somerset " ... 20 

Coventry, " " 25 

St. Paul's Talbot " ... 3 



174 The Founders of Maryland. 

from being totally disannulled, yet many of the excep- 
tions which the Quakers made against it, sticking with 
the Lords of Trade, all that could be obtained was, that 
Dr. Bray might, with advice of Council, draw up 
another bill, according to the instructions of that 
Board, and sending the bill to Maryland, had the pro- 
mise, that his Majesty, upon its return, would confirm 
it." 

The law drawn up by Dr. Bray was submitted to an 
Assembly begun at AnnapoHs, the 16th day of March, 
1701-2, and was approved by the King. It was styled 
*' An Act for the establishment of religious worship 
in this Province, according to the Church of England : 
and for the maintenance of ministers." 

The Act provided, that " the dissenters, commonly 
called Quakers " should have the privilege of making 
a solemn afiirmation or declaration instead of the usual 
oath. 

Although absent in body, the interests of the Epis- 
copal church in Maryland were not forgotten by Dr. 
Bray, and a Rev. Mr. Hewetson, of Ireland, was re 
commended as superintendent of the clergy. In a 
letter, written at Chelsea, August 27, 1703, and 
addressed to Mr. Smithson, Speaker of the Maryland 
Assembly, he alludes to the rude treatment by the 
Governor, of himself and the clergyman, whom he had 
suggested for suffragan or commissary, and proposes 
that the Maryland legislature shall set apart one of the 
best parishes, as the cure of a suffragan, to be appointed 



Conclusion. 175 

by the Bishop of London, and build a house for his 
residence. He further suggests that the glebe should 
be stocked with ten negroes, twenty cattle, and twenty 
hogs. It had been proposed, that the suiFrfvgan should 
have a seat at the Council Board of the Province, but 
this did not receive his approval, and he thought that 
this officer should not reside on the same side of the 
Bay as the Governor of the province. 

We enter not upon the eighteenth century. The 
aim of this little book has been attained, if it has 
brought to light a few facts not hitherto published re- 
lative to the mode of life, the struggles, and principles 
of those who were the founders of Maryland. 



ADDENDA. 

CLAYBORNE FAMILY AND ARMS. 

XHIS family from an early period, dwelt in West- 
moreland, on the borders of Cumberland. 

In the days of Richard the Second, there was a knight 
of Westmoreland, Robert de Clyborne, who bore on 
his arms the Saxon motto " Clibbor ne scearn " which 
has been variously translated, "A burden shames not," 
" Untouched by shame," or " Adversity no Disgrace." 

Over the door of Cleburne Hall erected in 1577, near 
Westmoreland, not far from Penreth, Cumberland, is 
cut the same arms given to Robert Clyborne in the 
Visitation of Cumberland, published by the Har- 
leian Society; quartering of four. First and fourth 
argents: three cheverons interlaced in base, chief 
sable : second and third, argent saltier engrailed vert, 
over all a mullet for difference. 

The Visitation of Cumberland calls the father 
of William Clayborne of Virginia, Edward ; and his 
grandfather Robert, but some writers state that his 
father's name was Edmund, and his grandfather's 
Raphe or Rich'd, the result perhaps of careless tran- 
scription. 

23 



178 The Founders of Maryland. 

Thomas, an elder brother of the Virginia Clayborn, 
in 1580, married Agnes daughter of Sir John Lowther, 
of the distinguished family of Lowther Hall, West- 
moreland. 

A son of Thomas, named William, resided in Tip- 
perary County, Ireland, and in the ancient church of 
Kilbarron on the east side of Lough Derg near where 
it flows into the Shannon, not far from Killaloe, is a 
stone over a vault, in the chancel Avith the following 
coat of arms, and inscription : 
Crest — A Dove and olive branch. 
Arms. — Argent three chevronels braced in base sa. 

A. chief and bordure of the last. 
Motto. — Pax et copia. 

Inscription. 

Gulielmus Cleburne de Ballicultan, obiit vigesimo 
secundo die, mensis Octobris, Anno Domini, 1684. 

WilUam Clayborne on his return from England, as 
Treasurer of Virginia, sought for 3000 acres of land, 
near Potomac Creek, and perhaps it was through his 
influence, that the Legislature of Virginia, in 1653, 
designated the region from Machodac Creek to the 
Falls of the Potomac, Westmoreland County. 



Addenda. 179 

SIR EDMUND PLOWDEN. 

^IR Edmund Plowden was the great grandson of 
Edmund Plowden the distinguished jurist whose com- 
mentaries on law, Chief Justice Coke called " exquisite 
and elaborate." 

Francis his grandfather born in 1562, married in 
Oxfordshire, and died in 1652, at the age of ninety. 

Edmund resided after his marriage, about A.D., 
1610, at Wanstead, Hampshire. His wife, was Mabel, 
daughter of Peter Mariner of that place. 

Although he had been educated a Roman Catholic, 
before he came to America he conformed to the 
Church of England. 

In 1032, he petitioned King Charles, for a tract of 
land, to be " exempted from all appeal and subjection 
to the Governor and Company of Virginia, and with 
such other additions, privileges and dignities, like as 
have been heretofore granted to Sir George Calvert 
K't, late Lord Calvert in New Foundland, together 
with the usual grants and privileges that other colonies 
have for governing, and ordering their planters and 
subordinates, and for supplying of corn, cattle and 
necessaries from your Majesty's Kingdom of Ireland, 
with power to take artificers and laborers there." 

In June, 1632, the great seal of State was affixed to 
the charter of Maryland, and issued to Cecil, the 
Second Lord Baltimore, and the next month Charles 
the First, from his court at Oatlands, issued an order 



180 The Founders of Maryland. 

for a grant of laud in answer to the petition of Sir John 
Lawrence, Baronet, and Sir Edward Plowden Kn't. 
The king writes : 

" Our pleasure is, and we do hereby authorize and 
require you, upon the receipt of these, our letters, 
forthwith to cause a grant of the said Isle, called the 
Isle Plovvden, or Long Isle between 39 and 40 degrees 
North Latitude, and of forty leagues square of the ad- 
joining continent * * * * to be holden of us, as 
of our crown of Ireland, by the name of ISIew Albion, 
with such privileges, additions and dignities to Sir 
Edmund Plowden, his deputies and assigns, as first 
Go.vernor of the premises, etc." 

Plowden appears to have been a choleric and eccen- 
tric person. In the year 1635, his wife Mabel com- 
plains, to the High Commission Court, that because 
she refused to sell an estate, which she brought on her 
marriage, twenty-five years before, worth £3000 per 
annum, her husband had treated her with extreme 
cruelty. By the persuasion of friends, the complaint 
was dropped, and the wife consented to return once 
more to Plowden's house, but he soon began, as before, 
ill treatment. 

Another complaint on May 3, 1638, was lodged by the 
Rev. Philip Rofield, for twenty-five years rector of the 
parish of Lasham, Hampshire, for beating his wife, 
about to become a mother, because Plowden and the 
clergyman had disagreed upon the terms of a certain 
lease. 



Addenda. 181 

In the year 1634, Captain Young and his nephew 
Robert Evelyn commenced the exploration of the 
Delaware River, and other parts of the province of 
New Albion. After this voyage Evelyn returned to 
England and in 1637 received an appointment as Sur- 
veyor of the Virginia Colony. In 1641 there was pub- 
lished a small quarto with title "Direction for ad- 
venturers, and true description of the healthiest, 
pleasantest, and richest plantation of New Albion, in 
North Virginia, in a letter from Mayster Robert 
Eveline, who lived there many years." 

At the time of its publication Plowden was still in 
England. The first sentence of Evelyn's letter is as 
follows : 

"Sir Edmund, our noble Governor and Lord Earl 
Palatine, persisting still, in his noble purpose, to go on 
with his plantation, on Delaware or Charles River, 
just midway between New England and Virginia, 
where, with my uncle, Young, I several years resided, 
hath often informed himself both of me, and Master 
Stratton, as I perceive by the hands subscribed of 
Edward Monmouth, Tenis Palee, and as Master Buck- 
ham, Master White, and other ship masters and sailors 
whose hands I know, and it to be true, that there lived 
and traded with me. And I should very gladly according 
to his desire have waited upon you in person, had I 
not next week been passing to Virginia." 

In concluding the letter, Evelyn remarks: "If my 
Lord Palatine will brine; with him three hundred men. 



182 The Founders of Maryland. 

or more, there is no doubt, but be may grow rich. * * 
And truly I believe my Lord of Baltimore will be glad 
of my Lord Palatine's plantation and assistance, and 
against any enemy or bad neighbor. * * * * j shall 
entreat you to believe me, as a gentleman and Christ- 
ian, I write to you nothing but the truth, and hope 
there, to take opportunity, in due season, to visit you, 
and do all the good offices in Virginia, my place and 
friends can serve you in." 

Li 1642 Plowden was residing in Virginia, and in 
1648 by way of Boston he returned to England, where 
the same year he published a description of the Pro- 
vince of New Albion in which are the following state- 
ments : 

" After seventeen years discovery there, and trial 
made, is begun to be planted and stored by the Governor 
and Company of New Albion, consisting of forty-four 
lords, baronets, knights, and merchants ; who for the 
true informing of themselves, their friends, adventurers 
and partners, by residents and traders there, four 
several years, out of their journal books, namely, 
Captain Browne, a shipmaster, and Master Strafford his 
mate; and by Captain Claybourn fourteen years there 
trading, and Constantine his Lulian, there born and 
bred; and by Master Robert Evelin four years there, 
yet by eight of their hands subscribed and enrolled do 
testify this to be the true state of the country and 
Delaware Bay, or Charles' River." 

Allusion has been made to the fact that in this book 



Addenda. 183 

a year before the passage of Maryland Act on Religion 
a scheme of toleration is presented. 

The precise date of Plowden's death has not been 
ascertained but his will was made 29th of July, 1651, 
in which he styles himself " Sir Edmund Plowden, 
Lord Earl Palatinate, Governor and Captain General 
of New Albion in North America." 

His sister Elizabeth, married Sir Arthur Lake the 
son of Sir Thomas who, like Sir George Calvert, was 
a Secretary of State, under King James and before 
1634, she was a widow. The facts in this notice have 
been obtained from Visitation of Oxfordshire, De- 
scription of New Albion, Stratibrd's Letters, Bruce's 
Calendars of State Papers and Burke's Landed Gentry. 



THOMAS COPLEY, S. J. 

i HE warrant of protection , given by order of Charles 
the First, to Father Copley, printed on the ninety- 
second page of this volume, was obtained upon the 
plea, that he was tarrying in England, attending to his 
father's estate. 

In the Calendar of State Papers for 1634, under date 
of 1st of December, Thomas Copley, in a petition to 
the King, states, that he is an alien born, and therefore 
conceives he is not liable to trouble, for his religion, 
by the laws of the realm, yet fearing he may be molested 



184 The Founders of Maryland. 

by some messengers, while following occasions which 
concern his father's, and his own estate, prays his 
Majesty to refer this petition to one of the principal 
Secretaries. 

The attention of Secretary Windebank was called to 
the request, and on the 10th of the month, the warrant 
was issued. 



SHIP WARWICK. 

Hubbard in History of N'ew England states that 
Ferdiuando Gorges with John Mason, George Griifith 
and other associates, employed men for several years, 
to search for a great lake, in province of Laconia, for 
which, in 1629, they had received a patent. 

The ship Warwick, in the summer of 1630, arrived 
at Piscataquay, New Hampshire, biinging as passenger 
Capt. Walter Neale to act as Governor of the infant 
settlement in that region. 



INDEX 



Accomack plantation, 13, 23. 

Act concerning religion, 120; 
Hammond on, 121; not framed 
by Baltimore, 121 ; when con- 
firmed, 121 ; reasserted, 130. 

Albion, New, 5(3, 57 ; see Plowden. 

Allerton's plantation, 136. 

AUerton, Isaac Sr., son-in-law of 
Wm. Brewster, Puritan, 139. 

Allerton, Isaac Jr., neighbor of 
Thomas Gerrard in Va., 136 ; 
daughter marries son of Rich- 
ard Lee, 136. 

Altham, John, Jesuit, 64; see 
Gravener. 

Ambrose, Alice, Quakeress, 143. 

Anacoslan Indians, 14, 24, 25, 
28, 32 ; capture Henry Fleet, 
11. 

Anacostia,2o, 

Analostan Island, 25. 

Annapolis Library, 172. 

Anne, lame servant of Plowden, 
67 ; travels with Margaret 
Brent, 67. 

Anthill, Francis, 79. 

Archer, servt. of W. Durand, 
116. 

Ark, ship searched, 59, 60, 87. 

Arundel, Ann, wife of 3d Lord 
Baltimore, 40. 

Arundel, Count, 40. 

Ashmore, William, 52, 91, 

Askume, John, 13. 

Assembly of A.D. 1638,91; 1639, 
98 ; 1642, 73 ; 1649, 120, 150 ; 
1650, 122 ; 1659, 136. 

Baker, Alexander, 54. 
Baker, Andrew, 54. 
Baldwin, John, 142. 
Balye, Charles, 142. 
Banks, Lt. Richard, 128. 
Baptism of East ludiau boy, 111 ; 
uegroes, 156. 

24 



Batte, Elizabeth, 79. 

Bayard, Deacon Peter, 157. 

Baxter, John, 64. 

Baxter, Roger, 54. 

Baltimore, The Lords, see Calvert. 

Beane or Bayne, Walter, 122, 151. 

Beasley, Elizabeth, 142. 

Beaver trade, 9, 12, 23, 25, 28. 

Bellson, John, killed, 52. 

Bennett, Richard, Parliament 
Commissioner, 57 ; treats 
with Indians, 116; kind to 
Quakers, 147 ; his executors, 
147. 

Berkeley, Gov, of Va., expels 
Puritans, 113, 116; censured 
by Parliament, 116; very 
peevish, 146, 147 ; visited by 
Quakers, 147. 

Berrv, William, Quaker, 130, 164. 

Bertraud, Rev. Paul, 163. 

Birkhead, Abraham, 145. 

Bishop, Henry, 91. 

Bohemia Manor, 155. 

Bolton, Ann, marries Francis 
Brooke, 124. 

Boreman, William, 129. 

Bosworth, Capt. Richard, 129. 

Bownas, Quaker preacher, 158. 

Bray, Rev. Dr. Thos., Commis- 
sary, 17; at Annapolis, 17; 
establishes Church of Eng- 
land, 17. 

Brent, Margaret, executrix of 
Gov. Leonard Calvert, 66; 
her brothers, 66 ; courted in 
old age, 68. 

Brewster, William, Puritan, 139. 

Bricks made in Providence, 80. 

Brock, John, Jesuit, 96. 

Brock, Richard, 79. 

Brooke, Baker, 137. 

Brooke, Francis, in Assembly of 
1650, 122 ; his wife, 124. 

Brooke, Henry, 78. 



186 



Index. 



Brough, William, 122. 

Browne. Richard, Winter's ser- 
vant, 60. 

Brown, Richard, 79. 

Bryant, John, 91. 

Buruliain Tliorpe, 81. 

Burnycat. John, Quaker preacher, 
143, 148. 

Burroughs, Edward, Quaker 
preacher, 146. 

Calvert, George, 1st Lord Balti- 
more, 40-48 : early life, 40 ; 
joins Church of Rome, 40 ; 
opposed freedom of speech, 
40; in New Foundland, 41 ; 
sick, 42 ; second wife, 41, 46 ; 
visits Virginia, 43 ; refuses 
oath, 44, 45 ; asks for land, 
45; obtains Maryland, 48. 

Calvert, Cecil, 2d 'Lord Balti- 
more, 40 ; his wife Ann Arun- 
del, 40 ; opposes Clayborne, 
48, 50 ; aided by Gov. Har- 
vey, 53 ; letter trom the King, 
55 ; sends a colony, 59 ; de- 
scribes embarcation, 62; his 
ships searched, 61 ; reorgan- 
izes Province, 73 ; ceases to 
originate laws, 98 ; is poor, 
101 ; disputes with Jesuits, 
101; invites Puritans, 108; 
assents to Toleration Acts, 
121 ; affiliates with New 
England, 126; settles diffi- 
culties, 1"^0 : against a settled 
church establishment, 151. 

Calvert, George, son of 1st Lord 
Baltimore, 49, 64; friendly to 
Clayborne, 49 ; time of death, 
64. 

Calvert, Leonard, Governor, 16 ; 
settles at Yowaccomoco, 17; 
not an illegitimate, 41 ; de- 
mands on Clayboi'ne, 4S, 49 ; 
his early lite, 65; called a 
dunce, 65 ; sails for England, 
73 ; obtains letter of marque, 
73; seizes Parliament ship, 
75 ; interview with Margaret 
Brent, 66 ; his legacies, 66 ; 
his gods(m Leonard Green, 

Calvert, Philip, 42, 118, 137. 
Camden's notice of Edward Pal- 
mer, 9. 



Canada, Cornelius, brickmaker, 
80. 

Canada Indians, 25. 

Candayack or Pamunkey Point, 
57. 

Cannibalism alleged, 20, 31, 83. 

Carline, Henr}', 142. 

Carnock, Christopher, 91. 

Carolann granted to Heath, 47. 

Catholics, Roman, few in Pro- 
vince, 96, 120, 151 ; oppose 
toleration oath, 122; Protes- 
tant complaint of 94; aousc 
of, 96. 

Chariaton, Tlumias, 91. 

Chester, J. L., on Washington 
ancestry, 137; Westminster 
Abbey, 160. 

Chew, Benjamin 168. 

Chew, Samuel 168. 

Chipsham, Robert, 129. 

Church of England established, 
73; Holy Church, 98. 

Clarkson, Robert, letter of, 141. 

Clayborne, William, 13, 16, 17, 
22; visited by Fleet, 14; an- 
cestry of, 38; surveyor of 
Virginia, 39; at Pamunkey, 
39 ; Secretary of Virginia, 
44, 46 ; his trading posts, 48 ; 
resists Gov. Calvert. 49 ; sus- 
tained by Virginia, 49; con- 
fers with P'atuxents. 49; 
described by Capt. Young, 
50; his vessel seized, 51; 
holds Kent Island, 54, 56; 
goods of at Palmers Isle, 55 ; 
servants of at Palmers Isle, 
55; PMrliament Commis- 
sioner, 57 ; at Pamunkey, 57 ; 
reappointed Secretary of Va., 
58 ; in Va. legislature, 58 ; 
lamily and arms, 177, 178. 

Clayborne, William Jr., 58 

Clayborne, Thomas, killed by 
Indian, 58. 

Clerkenwell College of Jesuits, 
91. 

Cloberry, William, London mer- 
chant, 11. 

Clocker, Daniel, 78. 

Clougliton, James, 54. 

Cole,"~Josiah, 130. 

Cole, Rev. Mr., 139. 

Cole, Richard, 79, 91. 

Cole, Thomas, 129, 142. 



Index. 



187 



Cole, William, 142, 158. 

Coles, Ann, 116. 

Coleman of Anamessex, 146. 

Comptou, Bishop of London, 151. 

Compton, James, 92. 

Coode, Rev. John, 151. 

Cooii, John, 78. 

Copte, Jeremiah, 78. 

Copland Rev. Patriclv, chaplain, 
111 ; teaches East Indians, 
111; wilh Sir Thos. Dale, 
112; in Java, 112; collection 
for Va., 112; sermon to Va. 
Co., 113; letter from Hu^rh 
Peters, 114; to Winthrop, 
114; atElemhera, 115. 

Copley, Thomas, Jesuit, 96, 97; 
his petition, 184; letter from 
king, 92; his ancestry, 92; 
land warrant, 93; trades in 
beaver, 93 ; his house seized, 
103 ; at St. Inigo, 104. 

Corbin, Henry, notice of, 128; 
sees a witch hung, 128. 

Corbin, Richard, friend of Wash- 
ington, 128. 

Cornish, Robert, 123. 

Corn sent to New England, 20, 24. 

Cornwallis, Sir Cliarles, 69. 

Cornwalhs, Wm , K't, 70. 

Cornwallis, Caroline Francis, 81 ; 
her hooks, 83; her death, 82. 

Cornwallis, Mary, 81. 

Cornwallis, Thomas, seizes Clay- 
borne's vessels, 51 ; at Poco- 
mokc, 52 ; ancestry of, 69 ; 
trades with Indians, 70; val- 
uable legislator, 73 ; his fiiir 
house, 73 ; returns from Eng- 
land, 73 ; has lands at Poto- 
paco, 73 ; declines Councillor- 
ship, 73 ; fights Indians, 73 ; 
goes to England, 74; suit 
against Ingle, 75 ; list of ser- 
vants, 77; kindness to ser- 
vants, 80 ; purchases bricks, 
80; marries, 80. 

Cornwallis, Rev. Thomas, 81. 

Cornwallis, William Sr., 81. 

Cornwallis, William Jr., 81. 

Coltington, Sir Francis, 46. 

Coursey, Henry, complains of 
Jesuit, 132. 

Cox, James, 122. 

Cox, Richard, 92. 

Cranfield, Edward, 64. 



Crouch, Ralph, 137. 
Curtis, Robert, 79. 

Dale, Sir Thomas, death of, 113. 

Dandy, John, hung, 129. 

Danker or Dankaerts, a Labadist, 
154; at Manhattan, 154; 
atTinicum, 155; at Bohemia 
Manor, 155; visits Augustus 
Herrman, 156; describes 
Herrman family, 156; visited 
by Peter Bayard, 157. 

Darby, Francis, 129. 

Davenant, Will, poet, 126; ap- 
pointed Gov. of Md., 126. 

Davenport, Rev. John, 116. 

Davison, Christopher, poet, and 
Secretary of Va., 39. 

Davison, Thtmias, 92. 

Davison, Sir William, 39. 

Dawson, William, killed, 52. 

Deering, Edward, 78. 

De-la-Grange, Arnold, 158. 

Delaware River explored, 50, 54. 

Dent, Thomas, settles at Gis- 
borough, 123. 

De Vries, describes Virginia, 16 ; 
first peach orchard. 52. 

Dew, Col. Thomas, 146. 

Dorcliester, Lord, Secretary of 
State, 46. 

Dorrell, Thomas, 64. 

Dorsey, Ann, 142. 

Doughty, Rev. Francis, notice of, 
118; brother-in-law of Gov. 
Stone, 118; at Manhattan, 
118; his daughter, 118. 

Dove, ship searched, 61. 

Dream ot Indian Chief, 97. 

Duke, Richard, 91, 95. 

Dunton,John, Captain of War- 
wick, 12, 20. 

Duraud, William, of Va., 116; 
settles at Severn, 116; bis 
ftimily, 116 ; Secretary of 
Province, 116; kind to 
Quakers, 116, 130; coun- 
cillor, 142. 

Edmondson, William, Quaker 
preacher, 144; visits Gov. 
Berkelev, 146. 

Edwards, Robert, 91. 

Edwyn, 91. 

Elderton, Wm., interpreter, 31. 

Eleuthera, Isle of, 112. 



Index. 



Elpin, John, 91. 

Embarcation of Mainland Colo- 
nists, 59. 

Eston, John, 79. 

Evelyn, George, at Kent. Island, 
54, 107; his ancestry, 54; 
servants, 54; calls Gov. Cal- 
vert a dunce, 65. 

Evelyn, Richard, 54. 

Evelyn, Robert, 54. 

Evelynton Manor, 54. 

Fairfax, Henry, 137. 

Fairfax, Nicholas, 64. 

Fairfax, William, 137. 

Falls of Potomac, 24, 28. 

Farmer, Richard, 78. 

Feudall, Josias, Governor, 137; 
letter to John Washington, 
138. 

Fennell, Robert, 13. 

Fenwick, Cuthbert, 74, 77, 123, 
138. 

Ferrar, John, 113, 114. 

Ferrar, Nicholas, 114. 

Fisher, Philip, Jesuit, 91, 97, 99, 
103, 104. 

Fitzherbert, Francis, Jesuit, 128 ; 
sees a witch hung, 128 ; 
threatens T hounds Gerrard, 
132 ; tried for sedition, 133 ; 
on Act for Religion, 135; 

Fleet, Edward, 14, 24, 28; in leg- 
islature, 17 ; 

Fleet, Henry, visits England, 11 ; 
taken by Anacostans, 4, 25 ; 
commands the Paramour, 11 ; 
factor of ship Warwick. 12 ; 
trades in New England, 12, 
19 ; at Isle of Shoals, 13, 21 ; 
visits Clayborne, 13, 22 ; visits 
Potomac Falls, 14, 27 ; before 
Gov. Hawley, 15, 34, 35 ; un- 
faithful to Griffith & Co., 15 ; 
interprets for Gov. Calvert, 
16 ; receives a land grant, 17 ; 
in Maryland legislature, 17 ; 
in Rappahannock region, 17 ; 
in Viiginia legislature, 17 ; his 
Journal, 19-36 ; builds new 
pinnace, 36 ; illiterate, 37 ; 
called a liar, 50. 

Fleet, John, in legislature, 17. 

Fleet, Reynold, in legislature, 17. 

Fleet's Point, Va., 18. 
Ford, Hannah, 78. 



Fox, George, Quaker preacher, 
143; at Patuxcnt, 144; at 
Severn, 144; at Cliffs, 145; 
in Somerset, 145 ; in Annapo- 
lis, 146. 

Freak, WilliauK 78. 

Freeman, Morris, 78. 

Freeman, William, 55. 

Fremonds, Lewis, 91. 

Frisell, Thomas, 79. 

Fuller,Thos.,uoticeof Palmer, 10. 

Fuller, Capt. William, 116, 142; 
kind to Quakers, 130. 

Fur trade in Chesapeake, 9. 

Gage, John, 78. 

Gardner, Luke, 92 ; detains 
Eleanor Hatton,128. 

Garrett, William, an ancient 
Friend, 146. 

Gary, Alice, 142, 148, 155. 

Gary, John, 142. 

Gates, Sir Thos., death of, 112. 

Gee, John, 96. 

George, a smith, 78. 

Gerard, Richard, early colonist, 
64 ; cup-bearer Charles 2d, 64. 

Gerrard, Thomas, surgeon, 98; 
wife a Protestant, 98; fined 
for closing a chapel, 100 ; his 
wife complains ot Fitzherbert, 
Jesuit, 133 ; Assembly meets 
at his house, 136 ; removes to 
Va., 136 ; death of, 136. 

Gervase, Thomas, Jesuit, 91. 

Gibbons, Edward, of Boston, 108 ; 
letter from Baltimore, 109 ; 
Admiral of Province, 112. 

Gisborough, settled bv Thomas 
Dent, 123. 

Gondomar, Spanish Ambassador, 
40. 

Goodman, Bp. of Gloucester, 40. 

Gookin, Daniel, 25. 

Gossip, derivation of, 139. 

Gould, Daniel, Quaker preacher, 
144, 148. 

Gravener, Jesuit, 91. 

Gray, Francis, 78. 

Gray, Stephen, 78. 

Green, Henry, 64. 

Green, Leonard, godson of Gov. 
Calvert, 66. 

Green, Gov. Thomas, removed, 
118; account of Gov. Cal- 
vert's will, 66. 



Index. 



189 



Griffin, Edmund, 55. 

Griffith, George & Co., complaint 

of, 15 ; owners of Warwick, 

19. 
Griffith, William, A.M., 19. 
Guiana, Raleigh's map of, 55. 
Guttridge, George marries widow 

of lit. Lewis, 95. 
Gwyther, Nicholas, 78. 

Hall, Kev. Heiuy, 166: at Her- 
ring Creek, 172. 

Hallow es, John, 79. 

Hammond,on Toleration Act 120. 

Harrison, Anna, of South Cave, 
137. 

Harrison, Eleanor, of South Cave, 
137. 

HaiTison, Thomas, 79. 

Harrison, Rev. Thomas, 110; be- 
comes non conformist, 110; 
letter to Winthrop, 112; re- 
ceives degree of D.D., 116; 
marries cousin of Gov. Win- 
throp, 117 ; chaplain of Henry 
Cromwell, 117; sermon on 
Oliver Cromwell, 117. 

Hardwick, William, 75. 

Harman, Charles, 13, 15, 23, 25, 
33 ; goods seized, 50. 

Harris, Elizabeth, Quiikeress, 141. 

Harris, Richard, 79. 

Harvey, John, Gov. of Virginia, 
12 ; deposed, 13, 53 ; knocks 
out teeth, 13; re-instated, 13 ; 
dies poor, 13; favors Henry 
Fleet, 36. 

Harvey, Richard, 79. 

Hatch, John, 54, 122. 

Hatch, Thomas, 91. 

Hat ton, Eleanor, detained by 
Gardner, 128. 

Hatton, Thomas, Secretarv of 
Province, 128. 

Hatton, William, 123. 

llawley, Henry, 84,86. 

Hawley, James, Sr.,83. 

Hawley, James Jr., 85. 

Hawley, Jerome.Com'r, 83 ; early 
life, 83; visits England, 84; 
Treasurer of Va., 84; com- 
plaint aaaiiist, 84 ; death, 85. 

Hawley, William, 85. 

Heath,' Sir Robert, 47. 

Hebden, Thos, 54; surgeon, 107; 
asks prayer lor his soul, 107. 



Hervey, John, tailor, 75. 
Hervey, Michael, 91. 
Hereckenes, Indians, 31, 33. 
Herrman, Aui>ustine, 155, 156; 

his map, lo, 57, 136, 156 ; 

his wives, 157. 
Herrman, Anna Margaritta, 157. 
Herrman, Caspar, 155, 157. 
Herrman, Ephraim, 154, 157. 
Herrman, Francina, 157. 
Herrman, Judith, 157. 
Hill, Capt., 64. 
Hill, John, 54,91. 
Hill, Richard, 78. 
Hill, Rev. Matthew, 151. 
Hilliard, J(jhn, 91. 
Hintou, Sir Thomas, 49. 
Hodges, Thomas, 91. 
Hogg, William, 116. 
Hotden, John, 79. 
HoUis, John, 78,91. 
Hooper, Henry, surgeon, 127. 
Hopkins, John, 164. 
Horton, Manor of, 54. 
Howgill, Fr., Quaker preacher, 

i31. 

Indians, Anacostan, 25, 28, 32; 
Canada, 25; Hereckenes, 31, 
33 ; Massomack, 25 ; Mosti- 
cum, 27, 30, 33 ; Mohawk, 20 ; 
Pascattowies, 26, 28, 32 ; Pa- 
tuxent, 40; Rappahannock, 
17 ; Shaunetowa, 27 ; Ton- 
hoga, 27, 32 ; Usserahak, 27, 

Ingle, Capt. Richard, 73; ship 
captured, 74; retaliates, 75. 
103 ; petitions Parliament, 
75 ; takes Father White, 75, 
103. 

Jacques, Edward, 78. 

Jackson, Martha, 78. 

James, Rev. Thos., 110. 

Jennings, Mary, 91. 

Jesuit, John Altham, see Gra- 
vencr ; John Brock, 96 ; 
Thomas Copley, 92, 90, 103. 
104, 107,127; Ralph Crouch, 
127 ; Francis Fitzherbert, 
133; Thomas Gervase, 91; 
John Gravener, 91, 96; 
John Knowles, 91 ; Moj-- 
giu, alias Brock; Waiter 
Morley, 92, 93; Ferdinand 



190 



Index. 



Pulton, 92, 96; Roger Rigby, 
99; Lawrence Starkey, 104, 
127 ; Andrew White, 75, 89, 
99, 103. 

Jesuits, Parliament complains of, 
100; controversy Willi Balti- 
more, 101 ; oppose Balti- 
more's oath, 101 ; violate 
compact, 102 ; relation of 1st 
voyage, 89 ; Protestant con- 
versions, 94; Indian dream, 
97 ; disputes with Proprietary 
103; indelicate soldier, 105; 
New England captain, 108 ; 
witch hanging, 128. 

Jew, Doctor Lumbrozo, 132. 

Johns, Richard, on oaths, 164; his 
creed, 167. 

Jones, William, 55. 

Josias, a servant, 79. 

Kadger, Robert, 92. 
Keane, Thomas, 54. 
Kemp, Richard, Sec. of Va., 52. 
Kentlsland, 47, 49,51,54. 
King, Robert, 79. 
King, Walter, 92. 
Kirk, Captain, of Canada, 30. 
Knott, James, 14. 
Knowles, Jesuit, 91. 
Knowles, Rev. John, Protestant, 
110. 

Labadie leaves Ch. of Rome, 154. 

Labadists, mode of life, 155 ; in 
Maryland, 158; described by 
Bowmas, 158. 

Lambeth Palace Library, 14, 19 

Lambrozo, Jew Doctor, 132. 

Land, Philip, 122. 

Lawrence, Sir Thomas, 169 ; 
called silly knight, 169. 

Lee, John, 136. 

Lee, Hancock, marries Miss Al- 
lerton, 136. 

Lee, Henry, 54. 

Lee, Mary, hung as a witch, 129. 

Lee. Richard, 136. 

Leeds, Sir John, 83. 

Lewis, William, abuses Protest- 
ants, 95. 

Lewger, Rev. John, Sec. of Md., 
60, 93 ; joins Ch. of Rome, 71 ; 
arrival in Province, 71, 93; 
his servants, 71 ; legacy to 
wife, 60 ; wife's death, 72. 



Lewger, John, son of Rev. John, 
72; his will, 72. 

Library at Annapolis, 172; at Her- 
ring Creek, 172. 

Libraries of Parishes, 173. 

Lindle, Sarah, 79. 

Lindsay, James, servant, 66. 

Lloyd, Ed ward, 137. 

London Company, see Virginia 
Co. 

Lowe, Richard, Capt. of Ark, 60. 

Lusthead, Richard, 91. 

Malignauts, 76. 
Manners, George, 22. 
Martin, Christopher, 77. 
Martin, John, 92. 
Marsh, Margaret, 116. 
Marsh, Sarah, 148. 
Marsh, Thomas, 116. 
Marvel], Andrew, poet, 154. 
Mar.yland, origin of name, 48 ; 

point in England, 81. 
Massachusetts Bay, 21. 
Massomack Indians, 25. 
Mathews, Thomas, expelled, 122. 
Matthews, Edward, 78. 
Matthews, Samuel, 44, 53 ; notice 

of, 48. 
Maylande, John, 79. 
Maynard, Charles, 78. 
Mead, Joseph, on Lord Baltimore, 

47. 
Medcalf, John, 64. 
Medcalf, William, 54. 
Medley, John, 79, 122. 
Minitie, George, 52 ; his peach 

orchard, 52. 
Mitchell, Capt. W., skeptic, 124; 

his [vife, 124; governess, 124. 
Moll, John, 158. 
Moreman, Alice, 78. 
Morgan, Howell, 54. 
Morgan, Roger, 79. 
Morgan, Rowland, 54. 
Morley, Walter, lay-brother, 92. 
Mosticum Indians, 27, 30, 38. 
Motham, Thomas, 92. 
Mottershead. Zachery, 78. 
IMowhak Indians, 20. 
Moyumpse, Indian town, 33. 

Nacostines, 25, 28, 32. 

Neal, Capt. Walter, at Piscataqua, 

184. 
Nevill or Nicholl, Richard, 91. 



Index. 



191 



New Albion, 56, 57. 

New Fouudluud, Baltimore at, 

41. 
Newport, Capt., plants the cross, 

91. 
Nicholet, Rev. Mr., 124. 
Nortliey, Sir Edward, 99. 
Norton, John, Sr., 77. 
Norton, John, Jr., 77. 
Nuthead, Richard, printer, 171. 

Oath, of allegiance, 60, 87 ; tolera- 
tion, 118; fidelity, altered, 
121, 127. 

O'Neal, Hugh, 118. 

Opechancauough, Indian chief, 
17. 

Orley, Thomas, 54. 

Overbiuy, Sir Thomas, 9, 83. 

Owen, Dr. Griffith, Quaker 
preacher, 166. 

Palmer, Edward, noticed, 9. 

Palmer's Island, 9, 48, 55, 86. 

Parris, Edmund, 54. 

Patobano, see Porto Bafto. 

Patuxent Indians, 49 ; chief friend 
of Clayborue, 49. 

Peach orchard, early, 52. 

Pead, Rev. Duell, Sr., 159; Jr., 
159. 

Peirce, Capt. William, 52. 

Penington, Achniral, 60. 

Penn,^Wiliiam, 165, 169. 

Penshoot, William, 179. 

Perkins, Doctor, works of, 55. 

Peters, Rev. Hugh, 114. 

Philips, Bartholomew, 60. 

Phillips, Mary, 79. 

Piscattovvay or Piscataqua, New 
England, 19, 21 ; Maryland, 
14, 15, 33, 36 ; Chief's dream, 
97. 

Plowden, Sir Edmund. 56, 57; 
land grant, 57: speaks of 
Clayborne, 56 ; time of death, 
57 ; accuses Mitchell of blas- 
phemy, 124; ske;ch of his 
life. 179-183. 

Pocomake River, fight at, 52. 

Pope's Bull, In ccena Domini, 
101. 

Porto Batto, 35, 57 ; Cornwallis 
grant at, 80. 

Pory, John, Secretary of Va., 9. 

Posey, Francis, 122. 



Potomac Creek stockade, 11 ; 
Falls, 14, 28 ; Indian village, 
14. 24, 35. 

Pott, John, A.M., surgeon, 39 ; 
Governor of Va., 43. 

Prescott, Edward, accused of 
hanging a witch, 137. 

Preston, James, Quaker, 145. 

Preston, Richard, Quaker,125,130, 

Printing press at St. Mary, 171. 

Protestant Catholics, 99 ; minis- 
ters in Va., Ill; ministers 
in Md., 149, 151. 

Protestants abused, 96. 

Puddington, Geo., 122. 

Puritans in Maryland, 127 ; Vir- 
ginia, 110. 

Pypott, Mrs. Temperance, 66. 

Quakers, arrival of, 130 ; perse- 
cuted, 131 ; their preachers, 
140 ; petition on oaths, 164. 

Rabnet, Francis, servant, 91. 
Raleigh, Sir Walter, 55. 
Rappahannock Indians, 17. 
Rawlinsou, Charles, 79. 
Reade, George, 137. 
Reformation, Capt. Ingle's ship, 

75. 
Re veil, Randall, 53. 
Richardson, Elizabeth, hung, 139. 
Robins, Robert, 122. 
Rockwood, John, 79. 
Rockwood, Thomas, 79. 
Roedler, Matthew, 54. 
Rogers, M., 91. 
Roymont, Richard, 55. 

Saire, William, 64. 

Sandys, Sir Edwin, 39, 113. 

Sandys, George, 39. 

Saunders, John, 64. 

Saunders, Rev.Jonathan, 155, 159. 

Saunderson, Rev. Ambrose, 155. 

Savage, Ensign, 9. 

Sayle, Capt., explores Eleuthera, 
115. 

Scovell, Samuel, 54. 

Seal of Virginia described, 113. 

Sedgrave, Robert, 92 ; in behalt 
of Protestants, 95. 

Servants, of Cornwallis, 77; Pul- 
ton, 92; Wilkinson, 123; 
White, 91 ; Copley, 92 ; Eve- 
l}'n, 54; Clayborne, 55. 



192 



Index. 



Sharpe, Dr. Peter, Quaker, 145 
bis will, 147. 

Shauuetowa Indians, 27. 

Ship, Ark, 59, 60 ; Bona Ventura 
49 ; Charles, 13 : Charity, 129 
;)ove, 60; Furtherance, 13 
George, 14 ; Paramour, 11 
Samuel, 52 ; Sea Flower, 49 
Southampton, 49 ; Tiger, 10 
Warwick, 10, 12, 15 ; Refor- 
mation, 75. 

Shippen, Edward, 157, 166. 

Shirley, Francis, 78. 

Shirely, Pvobert, 91. 

Simpson, Robert, 91. 

Sinckleare, William, 79. 

Slye, Robert, son-in-law of Ger- 
rard, 134, 136. 

Sluyter, Peter, Labadist, 154, 158. 

Smith, Roger, 44. 

Smith, Thomas, sentenced to 
death, 52. 

Snow, Justinian, Baltimore's fac- 
tor, 64 ; a heretic, 97. 

Snow, Abel, 98. 

Snow, Marmaduke, 98. 

Snow, Susannah, wife of Surgeon 
Gerrard, 98; family Protest- 
ant, 99. 

Soldier's indelicacy, 105. 

Somerset, Earl of, 9. 

Sousa, Matthias, 91. 

Speed, John, 60. 

Spilmau, Henry, 11. 

St. Mary, old Yowaccomoco, 17. 

Starkey, Lawrence, Jesuit, 104, 
127. 

Statham, Thomas, 91. 

Sterman or Sturman, John, 75. 

Sterman or Sturman, Thomas, 
75, 122. 

Stevens, Ann, 123. 

Stevens, Judge, of Auamessex, 
146. 

Stirke, George, 115. 

Stirke, Rev.'Mr.,115. 

Stone, Gov. Wm., notice of, 
118; removed, 125; council- 
lor, 137 ; in battle, 142. 

Stone, Thomas, of London, 118. 

Story, Thomas, Quaker preacher, 
166; controversy with Hall, 
166. 

Streeter, S. F., on Toleration Oath, 
118. 

Stringer, death of, 123. 



Strong, Leonard, 116. 
Stuyvesant, Governor, 156. 
Symonds, Dorothy, marries Rev. 
Thomas Harrison, 117. 

Tailor, George, 60. 

Taney, Mary, letter to Arch- 
bishop, 160 ; petitions for a 
church, 162. 

Tayac, Piscataway chief, 97. 

Terra Marise, origin of name, 48. 

Thomson, John, 91. 

Thornton, John, 91. 

Thurston, Thomas, Quaker 
preacher, 130. 

Tiger, ship ascends Potomac, 11. 

Toleration, The Act of, 120, 121, 
130 ; Jesuit view of, 135 ; in 
Parliament, 111 ; Roger Wil- 
liams on. 111 ; Plowden on, 
119 ; Oath, 118, 123; verses on, 
154. 

Tompkins, Mary, Quakeress, 143. 

Tompson, Rev. W.,110. 

Tonhoga Indians, 27, 32. 

Tue, John, 92. 

Tue, Restituta, 78. 

Turks, capture ship Tiger, 10. 

Usserahak Indians, 27, 29, 31,32. 

Utie, or Uty, John, 15, 34,53; no- 
tice of," 49. 

Utie, or Uty, Ann, wife of John, 
49. 

Urie, Nathaniel, 137. 

Van Eyden, Francis, 78. 
Virginia Company's Journal, 9, 

55 ; seal, 113 ; council, 49, 51 ; 

Puritans, 113, 117; go to 

Maryland, 117. 
Virginians described, 16. 

Walker, John, 54. 
Walter, Roger. 79. 
Ward, Edward, 79. 
Warren, Ratcliff, 52. 
Warren, William, 52 
Warteilinir, Walter, 78. 
War\vick,"ship, 12, 184. 
Washington, ancestry, 136, 187. 
Washington, George, 128. 
Washington, Henry, 137. 
Washington, Lawrence, 137. 
AVashington, Richard, 137. 
Watkins. Edward, 61. 87. 



Index. 



193 



Watson's Island, see Palmer 's. 

Wel)b, Arthur, 60. 

Wells, William, 79. 

Wentwortb, Sir Thomas, letters 
to, 41,52, 63. 

West, Francis, Gov. of Va., 49. 

West, John, his brother, 53. 

West, Philip, 54. 

West Point, or Pamunkey, 57. 

Wheatley, John, 79. 

White, Andrew, Jesuit, 64 ; notice 
of Clayborne, 16; notice of 
Fleet, 16 ; at Isle of Wight, 
61 ; prisoner, 75 ; pardoned, 
103, 104. 

White, George, 92. 

White, Thomas, 60. 

White, Philip, 57. 



Wickliffe, Daniel, 54, 100. 

Wi<rgin, Ann, 75. 

Wilkinson, Rev. William, 123, 
151 ; many pursuits, 123 i 
charge for sermon, 123. 

Williams, Roger, his plen, 111. 

Williamson, William, 54. 

Windebank, Sec. of State, 50. 

Winter, Sir Jolin, 49, 64, 91 ; his 
brotlier Edward, 64. 

Winter, Frederick, 64. 

Wiseman, Henry, 64. 

Wiseman, Penelope, 80. 

Witch hanging, 128, 137, 139. 

Wortlcy, John, 54. 

Woolcfiurch, Henry, 142. 

Wyalt, Gov. Francis, 18, 25, 39. 

Wyatt, Rev. Haut, 39. 



25 



CORRIGENDA. 

Page 91, Caption. Bark Virginia, sliould read Bark Warwick. 

45, Running title. Takes the oath, should read refiises the oath. 
6G, Richard William, should read Richard Willand. 
71, Oxoniensis, should read Oxonienses. 
87, Edward Hawkins, should read Edward Watkins. 
103, St. Jingo, should read St. Inigo. 



CD l-*. 



